Prostitution in Kenya is increasing at a very alarming rate and is posing a danger to the society both morally and economically. Efforts to help female sex workers exit prostitution are categorized by the deficiency appropriate interventions among female sex workers (FSWS). Therefore, the current study sought to determine the relationship between the attitude of female sex workers (FSW) towards provision of care and the intention to exit street level prostitution. The study adopted a descriptive correlational study using a mixed (...) approach. This study targeted all the FSW in the Central Business District of Eldoret town and the counselors who deal with a significant number of them. The study used census sampling method. The snowball technique was used to get the respondents up to maturation point. This study utilized questionnaires and interview schedule to get relevant data from the respondents. Experts in the Department of Counselling Psychology and the researcher’s supervisors assisted in ensuring that the instruments are valid. To test for reliability of the instruments, the Cronbach Alpha coefficient was used. Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.784 was obtained and used after pilot study. The study used SPSS version 23 software to aid in the analysis of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The inferential statistics used was Pearson product-moment correlation. The interview guides were categorized in themes and analyzed using content analysis. The findings of the study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between FSWs towards provision of Care and Intention Exit Street Level Prostitution (r=0.113 and p=0.043). It was recommended that the stakeholders should also encourage the FSWs to form support groups that may come up with income generating activities so that they may be occupied and in the process exit prostitution.Regarding areas for further studies, the study recommends a more consultative and comprehensive study on the attitudes of FSW towards the intention of Female sex workers in Eldoret Town that involve, County AIDS and STI Coordinator, non-governmental institutions in Eldoret Town. (shrink)

This paper examines the relationships between Romantic painting, poetry, and philosophy, historically tracing the circulation of images used to communicate sublimity (for example, images of ruins, storms, volcanoes, and so on). Kant's "Critique of Judgment" deployed the same vocabulary of images that appear in Coleridge and Shelly, in Church and in Turner. The discussion thereby places Kant's 3rd Critique within its cultural context. But it also reveals the massive shift from Enlightenment rationalism to 19th century historicism that Romanticism enacted, (...) and Kant's resistance to, and unwilling participation, in that shift. For the nostalgic logic of ruins, and the irruption of geological time, both of which were conceived and negotiated through sublimity, cannot be assimilated within Kant's philosophy. The treatment of the sublime in the "Critique of Judgment" represents Kant's philosophy straining at its own limits in the attempt to develop a philosophy of history and to articulate an historicized philosophical anthropology. Therefore, read through art history, Kant's 3rd. Critique represents a vital transition between Enlightenment rationalism/beauty and Romantic historicism/sublimity, along with the work of Beethoven, Goya, and the Marquis de Sade. (shrink)

John Courtney Murray is openly acknowledged as one of the greatest public political thinkers that American Catholicism has produced. His work significantly influenced the Catholic Church's public understanding of the role of religion in a pluralistic society through his contributions to the Declaration on Religious Liberty (Dignitatis Humanae) of the Second Vatican Council. He was even acclaimed in the secular world, appearing on the cover of Time on December 12, 1960. His legacy in the area of church–state relations, (...) however, ran into serious difficulties shortly after his death. Many have alleged that the cause of this nonreception lay in a new religious pluralism in the United States or in a lack of consensus on basic moral or philosophical issues. I will argue, by contrast, that one overlooked, but highly influential, reason for this lack of reception lies in Murray's position on the relationship between nature and grace. The triumph of a competing view in the post-conciliar Catholic Church and wider academy, both in theology and in philosophy, undermined the possibility of Murray's vision finding traction within either realm. (shrink)

In a 1993 autobiographical essay, John Rist wrote: "Christianity is above all others the religion that speaks of God's presence in history, not only in the past, as in creation and in the incarnation, but continuously into the present and … through the Church into the future. Of course that does not mean that all religious and ethical advances will be made by Christians, let alone by theologians or bishops; God needs no such limitations. What it means is that (...) Christians must claim that the Church will, at least eventually, be able to accept all that is best among such advances, whatever their origin." The present volume explores the promise of these three sentences, and the result is a capstone work, at once Rist's most ambitious, and his most personal.The main chapters explore particular philosophical and theological themes, roughly moving from anthropology through aesthetics to politics. Chapter 1 considers the significance of sexual difference, attending especially to Christian attempts to account for the dignity of women. Chapter 2 considers the problem of original sin, human freedom, and divine providence. Chapter 3 traces the development of Christian aesthetics as a coming to terms with the power of beauty. Chapter 4 considers the problem of authority within the Church. (shrink)

The issue of the relation of the sacred to the secular has become paramount in virtually every country in the world. From church-state relations in the US, with the debates around abortion and same-sex marriage, to the vitriolic discussions in France over the veil (hijab) sacred-secular, faith-reason, transcendence-imminence -- impacts every aspect of personal, social, and political life. Indeed, the questions often asked are whether Huntington s, Clash of Civilizations is today s reality? Is clash and conflict inevitable? This (...) volume collects papers from scholars from all around the globe and digs into that question. Do the sacred and the secular necessarily end in conflict? Building on scholars such as Charles Taylor, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jurgen Habermaus, and John Rawls, as well as the world s great religious traditions, the authors assembled here respond with a nuanced, but resounding, NO. A deeper read demands the possibility, indeed, necessity, of complementarity. It has become ever more urgent to discover the proper and complementary relation between the two so that both can be promoted through mutual collaboration. The deeper implications of the discussion can be perceived in many current global problems: cultural identity, multiculturalism, pluralism, nationalism, economic inequality, race, terrorism, migration, public education, and climate change. The volume unfolds in seven sections: Foundations; Sacred and Secular; Complement or Conflict; Hermeneutics; African traditions; South Asian Traditions; Chinese Traditions; and Islamic Traditions. It is fascinating to observe how the various authors grapple with unfolding the relation of sacred/secular, faith/reason, church-mosque/state, transcendence/imminence. The section on Islam illustrates this. These chapters deal with the thorny, usually misunderstood debate between the scholars and those, westerners refer to as fundamentalists or radicals. In the latter, there is no space left to reason, interpretation, or historical criticism. This ugly divide usually emerges in the hot-button issues like the treatment of women and religion-related terrorism. However, these oversimplifications betray the intellectual roots of Islamic tradition. Here the argument is advanced that there are common and multiple meanings of rationality in the Islamic primary sources and that doctrine, the Qur an, and the Sunnah, open considerable space for the rational and the secular in Islamic teachings. Unknown to most in the West, the grappling within Islam goes on. Moreover, the grappling seems to be heating up in all traditions. We are all called to the discussion. Our globe needs it! (shrink)

Enligt ett realistiskt synsätt kan ett påstående vara sant trots att det inte ens i princip är möjligt att veta att det är sant. En sanningsteoretisk antirealist kan inte godta denna möjlighet utan accepterar en eller annan version av Dummetts vetbarhetsprincip: (K) Om ett påstående är sant, så måste det i princip vara möjligt att veta att det är sant. Det kan dock förefalla rimligt, även för en antirealist, att gå̊ med på̊ att det kan finnas sanningar som ingen faktiskt (...) vet (har vetat, eller kommer att veta) är sanna. Man kan därför tänka sig att en antirealist skulle acceptera principen (K) utan att därför gå med på den till synes starkare principen: (SK) Om ett påstående är sant, så måste det faktiskt finnas någon som vet att det är sant. Ett mycket omdiskuterat argument – som ytterst går tillbaka till Alonzo Church, men som först publicerades i en uppsats av Frederic Fitch i Journal of Symbolic Logic 1963 – tycks emellertid visa att principen (K) implicerar principen (SK). Anta nämligen att (K) är sann, medan (SK) inte är det. Men om (SK) är falsk, så finns det ett påstående som är sant men som ingen faktiskt vet är sant. Anta nu att p är ett sådant påstående. Låt Kp betyda att någon vet att p är sant. Det galler alltså̊ att p är sant samtidigt som Kp inte är det. Betrakta nu påståendet (p ∧ −Kp). Enligt antagandet är detta påstående sant. Enligt (K) måste det då vara möjligt att någon vet att (p ∧ −Kp). D.v.s., det måste vara möjligt att påståendet K(p ∧ −Kp) är sant. Men i så fall är det också̊ möjligt att påståendet Kp ∧ K−Kp är sant, vilket i sin tur implicerar att det är möjligt att Kp ∧ −Kp är sant, vilket ju är absurt. Således kan inte (K) vara sann samtidigt som (SK) är falsk. Vi tycks således kunna sluta oss till att (K) implicerar (SK). I uppsatsen diskuterar jag några olika sätt att undgå̊ Church-Fitch paradoxala slutsats. Ett tillvägagångssätt är att ersätta kunskapsoperatorn med en hierarki av kunskapspredikat. Ett annat är baserat på distinktionen mellan faktisk och potentiell kunskap och ett förkastande av den vanliga modallogiska formaliseringen av principen (K). Den senare typen av lösning betraktas både från ett realistiskt och ett icke-realistiskt perspektiv. Utifrån denna analys kommer jag fram till slutsatsen att vi, vare sig vi är realister eller antirealister rörande sanning, kan sluta oroa oss för vetbarhetsparadoxen och ändå uppskatta Church-Fitchs argument. (shrink)

Abstract The Theory of Computation in its existed form is based on Church –Turing Thesis. Throughout this paper, we show that the Turing computation model of this theory leads us to a contradiction. In brief, by applying a well-known paradox (Unexpected hanging paradox) we show a contradiction in the Theory when we consider the Turing model as our Computation model.

This unpublished manuscript of the Spanish Dominican Domingo Báñez reflects his personal account of the proceedings held during July 1602 in Valladolid in defense of his own doctrine against suspicious theses formulated by some Jesuits from Alcalá de Henares the previous March. The Jesuits denied that the adhesion of faith to the Roman Pontiff included him as a specific man, e.g. Pope Clement VIII. In support of their thesis, they provided the authority of Báñez. The Dominican theologian clarified in Valladolid (...) that the fact that Clement VIII was Pope did belong to the faith indeed but not in a primary and immediate sense, although this was later supported by other Jesuits in a third session held a few days later, again in Valladolid. (shrink)

Wendy Laura Belcher has done her cultural work by queering Mother Walatta Petros's life in this one of a kind book. The struggles of Mother Walatta Petros and her nuns and their heirs' reluctance to enunciate same sex desire is brought out well in this book and its review in Prabuddha Bharata which has not missed an issue from 1896 to date. The book under review establishes Mother Walatta Petros as an African proto-feminist. This is a very well researched book. (...) The genre of the gädl too is very well brought out by Belcher and Kleiner. Medievalists offline and online really do not as yet think African indigenous works as worthy of their consideration. Belcher overcame many roadblocks to write something actually worth reading. Because of constraint of space, the book could not be reviewed more expansively. While the book is one of its kind in its domain; it is still an act of colonial interference within Ethiopian realpolitiks of religions. I have mentioned in the review that African Roman Catholic Cardinals like Cardinal Sarah insist on washing his Church's dirty linen in private. Now, the question is, would say, Wendy Laura Belcher and Kleiner have the guts and their publisher too, to write about paedophilia in the various American Churches? Is it not convenient to impute lesbianism to Mother Walatta Petros and shy away from writing about female desire say, within the global Loreto Convents? This reviewer presumes from this book that all convents are dens of female desire: some can be enunciated by white folks; some cannot. The question is: why queer Ethiopian spirituality when Mother Walatta Petros is no longer alive to defend herself? (shrink)

Imagine an equilateral triangle “pointing upward”—its horizontal base under its apex angle. A semiotic triangle has the following three “vertexes”: (apex) an expression, (lower-left) one of the expression’s conceptual meanings or senses, and (lower-right) the referent or denotation determined by the sense [1, pp. 88ff]. One example: the eight-letter string ‘coleslaw’ (apex), the concept “coleslaw” (lower-left), and the salad coleslaw (lower-right) [1, p. 84f]. Using Church’s terminology [2, pp. 6, 41]—modifying Frege’s—the word ‘coleslaw’ expresses the concept “coleslaw”, the word (...) ‘coleslaw’ denotes or names the salad coleslaw, and the concept “coleslaw” determines the salad coleslaw—recalling Frege’s principle that sense determines denotation. Church [2, p. 6] wrote: -/- We shall say that a name denotes or names its denotation and expresses its sense. […] Of the sense we say that it determines its denotation, or is a concept of the denotation. -/- Aristotle seems cognizant of distinctions going beyond those in semiotic triangles. The expression Aristotle’s semiotic pyramids seem warranted by Aristotle’s Categories, 1a1: -/- When [two] things have a name (onoma) in common and the concept (logos) of being (ousia) which corresponds to the name in each case is different, they are called same-named (homonuma). Thus, for example, both a man and a picture [of an animal] are called animals. These have only a name in common. In each case the name’s concept of being [an animal] is different; for if one says what being an animal is for each of them, one will give two distinct concepts. -/- Semiotic triangles and pyramids in Aristotle’s logic are compared to those in Church’s [2]. [1] JOHN CORCORAN, Sentence, proposition, judgment, statement, and fact, Many Sides of Logic, College Publications, 2009. [2] ALONZO CHURCH, Introduction to Mathematical Logic, Princeton, 1956. -/- The semiotic pyramid in Categories, 1a1 has a square base under the vertex ‘animal’. On the corners of the square are: the concept “animal”, the concept “animal picture”, the animals, and the animal pictures. The animals are homonymous with the animal pictures. People find Aristotle’s example far-fetched or inept even if the experience of pointing to a picture while saying “That is Tarski” is familiar. Imagine looking at a painting while thinking “That is an animal”. Without putting too fine a point on this, notice that in Aristotle’s sense it is individual things that are homonymous, not words. It would be natural to say also in his sense that two things are homonyms if one is homonymous with the other. In contrast, we use the words homonym and homonymous to relate words that are spelled the same and pronounced the same but have different meaning. Consider the noun ‘center’ and the verb ‘center’. Consider the noun ‘smell’ and the verb ‘smell’. The spelling of two homonyms is an ambiguity, or an ambiguous spelling. We need appropriate adjectives to distinguish the Categorical senses of ‘homonym’ and ‘homonymous’ from the current English sense just mentioned. I propose ‘ontological’ for the sense relating things and ‘linguistic’ for that relating words. Given that all words are things but not all things are words, we ask are words that are linguistically homonymous also ontologically homonymous? END OF POST ABSTRACT. (shrink)

“Critical thinking in higher education” is a phrase that means many things to many people. It is a broad church. Does it mean a propensity for finding fault? Does it refer to an analytical method? Does it mean an ethical attitude or a disposition? Does it mean all of the above? Educating to develop critical intellectuals and the Marxist concept of critical consciousness are very different from the logician’s toolkit of finding fallacies in passages of text, or the practice (...) of identifying and distinguishing valid from invalid syllogisms. Critical thinking in higher education can also encompass debates about critical pedagogy, i.e., political critiques of the role and function of education in society, critical feminist approaches to curriculum, issues related to what has become known as critical citizenship, or any other education-related topic that uses the appellation “critical”. Equally, it can, and usually does, refer to the importance and centrality of developing general skills in reasoning—skills that we hope all graduates possess. Yet, despite more than four decades of dedicated scholarly work “critical thinking” remains as elusive as ever. As a concept, it is, as Raymond Williams has noted, a ‘most difficult one’ (Williams, 1976, p. 74). (shrink)

The summativists generally analyze group belief in terms of belief of the majority. The non-summativists counterargue that it is possible for a group to believe that p even if “none” of its members believes that p. In doing so, they usually appeal to hypothetical cases in which groups are “structured” groups like committees, research groups, governments, as opposed to “collective” groups like Finns, America, Catholic Church. In this paper, I raise the objection that non-summativist cases involve summativism. While most (...) contemporary objections to non-summativism tend to be rejectionists, i.e., showing that non-summativist cases involve group acceptance rather than group belief, my objection is newfangled in that it grants non-summativist cases group belief but shows that group belief in such cases is majority belief. (shrink)

The concept of randomness has been unjustly neglected in recent philosophical literature, and when philosophers have thought about it, they have usually acquiesced in views about the concept that are fundamentally flawed. After indicating the ways in which these accounts are flawed, I propose that randomness is to be understood as a special case of the epistemic concept of the unpredictability of a process. This proposal arguably captures the intuitive desiderata for the concept of randomness; at least it should suggest (...) that the commonly accepted accounts cannot be the whole story and more philosophical attention needs to be paid. 1. Randomness in science1.1Random systems1.2Random behaviour1.3Random sampling1.4Caprice, arbitrariness and noise2. Concepts of randomness2.1Von Mises/church/martin-löf randomness2.2KCS-randomness3. Randomness is unpredictability: preliminaries3.1Process and product randomness3.2Randomness is indeterminism?4. Predictability4.1Epistemic constraints on prediction4.2Computational constraints on prediction4.3Pragmatic constraints on prediction4.4Prediction defined5. Unpredictability6. Randomness is unpredictability6.1Clarification of the definition of randomness6.2Randomness and probability6.3Subjectivity and context sensitivity of randomness7. Evaluating the analysis[R]andomness … is going to be a concept which is relative to our body of knowledge, which will somehow reflect what we know and what we don't know. Henry E. Kyburg, Jr ([1974], p. 217)Phenomena that we cannot predict must be judged random. Patrick Suppes ([1984], p. 32). (shrink)

continent. 1.1 : 3-13. / 0/ – Introduction I want to propose, as a trajectory into the philosophically weird, an absurd theoretical claim and pursue it, or perhaps more accurately, construct it as I point to it, collecting the ground work behind me like the Perpetual Train from China Mieville's Iron Council which puts down track as it moves reclaiming it along the way. The strange trajectory is the following: Kant's critical philosophy and much of continental philosophy which has followed, (...) has been a defense against horror and madness. Kant's prohibition on speculative metaphysics such as dogmatic metaphysics and transcendental realism, on thinking beyond the imposition of transcendental and moral constraints, has been challenged by numerous figures proceeding him. One of the more interesting critiques of Kant comes from the mad black Deleuzianism of Nick Land stating, “Kant’s critical philosophy is the most elaborate fit of panic in the history of the Earth.” And while Alain Badiou would certainly be opposed to the libidinal investments of Land's Deleuzo-Guattarian thought, he is likewise critical of Kant's normative thought-bureaucracies: Kant is the one author for whom I cannot feel any kinship. Everything in him exasperates me, above all his legalism—always asking Quid Juris? Or ‘Haven’t you crossed the limit?’—combined, as in today’s United States, with a religiosity that is all the more dismal in that it is both omnipresent and vague. The critical machinery he set up has enduringly poisoned philosophy, while giving great succour to the academy, which loves nothing more than to rap the knuckles of the overambitious [….] That is how I understand the truth of Monique David-Menard’s reflections on the properly psychotic origins of Kantianism. I am persuaded that the whole of the critical enterprise is set up to to shield against the tempting symptom represented by the seer Swedenborg, or against ‘diseases of the head’, as Kant puts it. An entire nexus of the limits of reason and philosophy are set up here, namely that the critical philosophy not only defends thought from madness, philosophy from madness, and philosophy from itself, but that philosophy following the advent of the critical enterprise philosophy becomes auto-vampiric; feeding on itself to support the academy. Following Francois Laruelle's non-philosophical indictment of philosophy, we could go one step further and say that philosophy operates on the material of what is philosophizable and not the material of the external world. [1] Beyond this, the Kantian scheme of nestling human thinking between our limited empirical powers and transcendental guarantees of categorical coherence, forms of thinking which stretch beyond either appear illegitimate, thereby liquefying both pre-critical metaphysics and the ravings of the mad in the same critical acid. In rejecting the Kantian apparatus we are left with two entities – an unsure relation of thought to reality where thought is susceptible to internal and external breakdown and a reality with an uncertain sense of stability. These two strands will be pursued, against the sane-seal of post-Kantian philosophy by engaging the work of weird fiction authors H.P. Lovecraft and Thomas Ligotti. The absolute inhumanism of the formers universe will be used to describe a Shoggothic Materialism while the dream worlds of the latter will articulate the mad speculation of a Ventriloquil Idealism. But first we must address the relation of philosophy to madness as well as philosophy to weird fiction. /1/ – Philosophy and Madness There is nothing that the madness of men invents which is not either nature made manifest or nature restored. Michel Foucault. Madness and Civilization. The moment I doubt whether an event that I recall actually took place, I bring the suspicion of madness upon myself: unless I am uncertain as to whether it was not a mere dream. Arthur Schopenhauer. The World as Will and Idea, Vol. 3. Madness is commonly thought of as moving through several well known cultural-historical shifts from madness as a demonic or otherwise theological force, to rationalization, to medicalization psychiatric and otherwise. Foucault's Madness and Civilization is well known for orientating madness as a form of exclusionary social control which operated by demarcating madness from reason. Yet Foucault points to the possibility of madness as the necessity of nature at least prior to the crushing weight of the church. Kant’s philosophy as a response to madness is grounded by his humanizing of madness itself. As Adrian Johnston points out in the early pages of Time Driven pre-Kantian madness meant humans were seized by demonic or angelic forces whereas Kantian madness became one of being too human. Madness becomes internalized, the external demonic forces become flaws of the individual mind. Foucault argues that, while madness is de-demonized it is also dehumanized during the Renaissance, as madmen become creatures neither diabolic nor totally human reduced to the zero degree of humanity. It is immediately clear why for Kant, speculative metaphysics must be curbed – with the problem of internal madness and without the external safeguards of transcendental conditions, there is nothing to formally separate the speculative capacities for metaphysical diagnosis from the mad ramblings of the insane mind – both equally fall outside the realm of practicality and quotidian experience. David-Menard's work is particularly useful in diagnosing the relation of thought and madness in Kant's texts. David-Menard argues that in Kant's relatively unknown “An Essay on the Maladies of the Mind” as well as his later discussion of the Seer of Swedenborg, that Kant formulates madness primarily in terms of sensory upheaval or other hallucinatory theaters. She writes: “madness is an organization of thought. It is made possible by the ambiguity of the normal relation between the imaginary and the perceived, whether this pertains to the order of sensation or to the relations between our ideas” Kant's fascination with the Seer forces Kant between the pincers of “aesthetic reconciliation” – namely melancholic withdrawal – and “a philosophical invention” – namely the critical project. Deleuze and Guattari's schizoanalysis is a combination and reversal of Kant's split, where an aesthetic over engagement with the world entails prolific conceptual invention. Their embrace of madness, however, is of course itself conceptual despite all their rhizomatic maneuvers. Though they move with the energy of madness, Deleuze and Guattari save the capacity of thought from the fangs of insanity by imbuing materiality itself with the capacity for thought. Or, as Ray Brassier puts it, “Deleuze insists, it is necessary to absolutize the immanence of this world in such a way as to dissolve the transcendent disjunction between things as we know them and as they are in themselves”. That is, whereas Kant relied on the faculty of judgment to divide representation from objectivity Deleuze attempts to flatten the whole economy beneath the juggernaut of ontological univocity. Speculation, as a particularly useful form of madness, might fall close to Deleuze and Guattari’s shaping of philosophy into a concept producing machine but is different in that it is potentially self destructive – less reliant on the stability of its own concepts and more adherent to exposing a particular horrifying swath of reality. Speculative madness is always a potential disaster in that it acknowledges little more than its own speculative power with the hope that the gibbering of at least a handful of hysterical brains will be useful. Pre-critical metaphysics amounts to madness, though this may be because the world itself is mad while new attempts at speculative metaphysics, at post-Kantian pre-critical metaphysics, are well aware of our own madness. Without the sobriety of the principle of sufficient reason we have a world of neon madness: “we would have to conceive what our life would be if all the movements of the earth, all the noises of the earth, all the smells, the tastes, all the light – of the earth and elsewhere, came to us in a moment, in an instant – like an atrocious screaming tumult of things”. Speculative thought may be participatory in the screaming tumult of the world or, worse yet, may produce its spectral double. Against theology or reason or simply commonsense, the speculative becomes heretical. Speculation, as the cognitive extension of the horrorific sublime should be met with melancholic detachment. Whereas Kant's theoretical invention, or productivity of thought, is self -sabotaging, since the advent of the critical project is a productivity of thought which then delimits the engine of thought at large either in dogmatic gestures or non-systematizable empirical wondrousness. The former is celebrated by the fiction of Thomas Ligotti whereas the latter is espoused by the tales of H.P. Lovecraft. /2/ – Weird Fiction and Philosophy. Supernatural horror, in all its eerie constructions, enables a reader to taste treats inconsistent with his personal welfare. Thomas Ligotti Songs of a Dead Dreamer. I choose weird stories because they suit my inclination best—one of my strongest and most persistent wishes being to achieve,momentarily, the illusion of some strange suspension or violation of the galling limitations of time, space, and natural law which forever imprison us and frustrate our curiosity about the infinite cosmic spaces beyond the radius of our sight and analysis H.P. Lovecraft. “Notes on Writing Weird Fiction” Lovecraft states that his creation of a story is to suspend natural law yet, at the same time, he indexes the tenuousness of such laws, suggesting the vast possibilities of the cosmic. The tension that Lovecraft sets up between his own fictions and the universe or nature is reproduced within his fictions in the common theme of the unreliable narrator; unreliable precisely because they are either mad or what they have witnessed questions the bounds of material reality. In “The Call of Cthulhu” Lovecraft writes: The most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind to correlate all its contents. We live on a placid island of ignorance in the midst of black seas of infinity, and it was not meant that we should voyage far. The sciences, each straining in its own direction, have hitherto harmed us little; but some day the piecing together of dissociated knowledge will open up such terrifying vistas of reality, and of our frightful position therein, that we shall either go mad from the revelation or flee from the deadly light into the peace and safety of a new dark age. Despite Lovecraft's invocations of illusion, he is not claiming that his fantastic creations such as the Old Ones are supernatural but, following Joshi, are only ever supernormal. One can immediately see that instead of nullifying realism Lovecraft in fact opens up the real to an unbearable degree. In various letters and non-fictional statements Lovecraft espoused strictly materialist tenets, ones which he borrowed from Hugh Elliot namely the uniformity of law, the denial of teleology and the denial of non-material existence. Lovecraft seeks to explore the possibilities of such a universe by piling horror upon horror until the fragile brain which attempts to grasp it fractures. This may be why philosophy has largely ignored weird fiction – while Deleuze and Guattari mark the turn towards weird fiction and Lovecraft in particular, with the precursors to speculative realism as well as contemporary related thinkers have begun to view Lovecraft as making philosophical contributions. Lovecraft's own relation to philosophy is largely critical while celebrating Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. This relationship of Lovecraft to philosophy and philosophy to Lovecraft is coupled with Lovecraft's habit of mercilessly destroying the philosopher and the figure of the academic more generally in his work, a destruction which is both an epistemological destruction and an ontological destruction. Thomas Ligotti's weird fiction which he has designated as a kind of “confrontational escapism” might be best described in the following quote from one of his shortstories, “The human phenomenon is but the sum of densely coiled layers of illusion each of which winds itself on the supreme insanity. That there are persons of any kind when all there can be is mindless mirrors laughing and screaming as they parade about in an endless dream”. Whereas Lovecraft's weirdness draws predominantly from the abyssal depths of the uncharted universe, Ligotti's existential horror focuses on the awful proliferation of meaningless surfaces that is, the banal and every day function of representation. In an interview, Ligotti states: We don't even know what the world is like except through our sense organs, which are provably inadequate. It's no less the case with our brains. Our whole lives are motored along by forces we cannot know and perceptions that are faulty. We sometimes hear people say that they're not feeling themselves. Well, who or what do they feel like then? This is not to say that Ligotti sees nothing beneath the surface but that there is only darkness or blackness behind it, whether that surface is on the cosmological level or the personal. By addressing the implicit and explicit philosophical issues in Ligotti's work we will see that his nightmarish take on reality is a form of malevolent idealism, an idealism which is grounded in a real, albeit dark and obscure materiality. If Ligotti's horrors ultimately circle around mad perceptions which degrade the subject, it takes aim at the vast majority of the focus of continental philosophy. While Lovecraft's acidic materialism clearly assaults any romantic concept of being from the outside, Ligotti attacks consciousness from the inside: Just a little doubt slipped into the mind, a little trickle of suspicion in the bloodstream, and all those eyes of ours, one by one, open up to the world and see its horror [...] Not even the solar brilliance of a summer day will harbor you from horror. For horror eats the light and digests it into darkness. Clearly, the weird fiction of Lovecraft and Ligotti amount to a anti-anthrocentric onslaught against the ramparts of correlationist continental philosophy. /3/ – Shoggothic Materialism or the Formless Formless protoplasm able to mock and reflect all forms and organs and processes—viscous agglutinations of bubbling cells—rubbery fifteen-foot spheroids infinitely plastic and ductile—slaves of suggestion, builders of cities—more and more sullen, more and more intelligent, more and more amphibious, more and more imitative—Great God! What madness made even those blasphemous Old Ones willing to use and to carve such things? H.P. Lovecraft. “At the Mountains of Madness” On the other hand, affirming that the universe resembles nothing and is only formless amounts to saying that the universe is something like a spider or spit. Georges Bataille. “Formless”. The Shoggoths feature most prominently in H.P. Lovecraft's shortstory “At the Mountains of Madness” where they are described in the following manner: It was a terrible, indescribable thing vaster than any subway train – a shapeless congeries of protoplasmic bubbles, faintly self -luminous, and with myriads of temporary eyes forming and un-forming as pustules of greenish light all over the tunnel-filling front that bore down upon us, crushing the frantic penguins and slithering over the glistening floor that it and its kind had swept so evilly free of all litter. The term is a litmus test for materialism itself as the Shoggoth is an amorphous creature. The Shoggoths were living digging machines bio engineered by the Elder Things, and their protoplasmic bodies being formed into various tools by their hypnotic powers. The Shoggoths eventually became self aware and rose up against their masters in an ultimately failed rebellion. After the Elder Ones retreated into the oceans leaving the Shoggoths to roam the frozen wastes of the Antarctic. The onto-genesis of the Shoggoths and their gross materiality, index the horrifyingly deep time of the earth a concept near and dear to Lovecraft's formulation of horror as well as the fear of intelligences far beyond, and far before, the ascent of humankind on earth and elsewhere. The sickly amorphous nature of the Shoggoths invade materialism at large, where while materiality is unmistakably real ie not discursive, psychological, or otherwise overly subjectivist, it questions the relation of materialism to life. As Eugene Thacker writes: The Shoggoths or Elder Things do not even share the same reality with the human beings who encounter them—and yet this encounter takes place, though in a strange no-place that is neither quite that of the phenomenal world of the human subject or the noumenal world of an external reality. Amorphous yet definitively material beings are a constant in Lovecraft's tales. In his tale “The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadatth” Lovecraft describes Azathoth as, “that shocking final peril which gibbers unmentionably outside the ordered universe,” that, “last amorphous blight of nethermost confusion which blashphemes and bubbles at the centre of all infinity,” who, “gnaws hungrily in inconceivable, unlighted chambers beyond time”. Azathoth's name may have multiple origins but the most striking is the alchemy term azoth which is both a cohesive agent and a acidic creation pointing back to the generative and the decayed. The indistinction of generation and degradation materially mirrors the blur between the natural and the unnatural as well as life and non-life. Lovecraft speaks of the tension between the natural and the unnatural is his short story “The Unnameable.” He writes, “if the psychic emanations of human creatures be grotesque distortions, what coherent representation could express or portray so gibbous and infamous a nebulousity as the spectre of a malign, chaotic perversion, itself a morbid blasphemy against Nature?”. Lovecraft explores exactly the tension outlined at the beginning of this chapter, between life and thought. At the end of his short tale Lovecraft compounds the problem as the unnameable is described as “a gelatin—a slime—yet it had shapes, a thousand shapes of horror beyond all memory”. Deleuze suggests that becoming-animal is operative throughout Lovecraft's work, where narrators feel themselves reeling at their becoming non-human or of being the anomalous or of becoming atomized. Following Eugene Thacker however, it may be far more accurate to say that Lovecraft's tales exhibit not a becoming-animal but a becoming-creature. Where the monstrous breaks the purportedly fixed laws of nature, the creature is far more ontologically ambiguous. The nameless thing is an altogether different horizon for thought. The creature is either less than animal or more than animal – its becoming is too strange for animal categories and indexes the slow march of thought towards the bizarre. This strangeness is, as aways, some indefinite swirling in the category of immanence and becoming. Bataille begins “The Labyrinth” with the assertion that being, to continue to be, is becoming. More becoming means more being hence the assertion that Bataille's barking dog is more than the sponge. This would mean that the Shoggotth is altogether too much being, too much material in the materialism. Bataille suggests that there is an immanence between the eater and the eaten, across the species and never within them. That is, despite the chaotic storm of immanence there must remain some capacity to distinguish the gradients of becoming without reliance upon, or at least total dependence upon, the powers of intellection to parse the universe into recognizable bits, properly digestible factoids. That is, if we undo Deleuze's aforementioned valorization of sense which, for his variation of materialism, performed the work of the transcendental, but refuse to reinstate Kant's transcendental disjunction between thing and appearance, then it must be a quality of becoming-as-being itself which can account for the discernible nature of things by sense. In an interview with Peter Gratton, Jane Bennett formulates the problem thusly: What is this strange systematicity proper to a world of Becoming? What, for example, initiates this congealing that will undo itself? Is it possible to identify phases within this formativity, plateaus of differentiation? If so, do the phases/plateaus follow a temporal sequence? Or, does the process of formation inside Becoming require us to theorize a non-chronological kind of time? I think that your student’s question: “How can we account for something like iterable structures in an assemblage theory?” is exactly the right question. Philosophy has erred too far on the side of the subject in the subject-object relation and has furthermore, lost the very weirdness of the non-human. Beyond this, the madness of thought need not override. /4/ - Ventriloquial Idealism or the Externality of Thought My aim is the opposite of Lovecraft's. He had an appreciation for natural scenery on earth and wanted to reach beyond the visible in the universe. I have no appreciation for natural scenery and want the objective universe to be a reflection of a character. Thomas Ligotti. “Devotees of Decay and Desolation.” Unless life is a dream, nothing makes sense. For as a reality, it is a rank failure [….] Horror is more real than we are. Thomas Ligotti. “Professor Nobody's Little Lectures on Supernatural Horror”. Thomas Ligotti's tales are rife with mannequins, puppets, and other brainless entities which of replace the valorized subject of philosophy – that of the free thinking human being. His tales such as “The Dream of the Manikin” aim to destroy the rootedness of consciousness. James Trafford has connected the anti-egoism of Ligotti to Thomas Metzinger – where the self is at best an illusion and we plead desperately for someone else to acknowledge that we are real. Trafford has stated it thus, “Life is played out as an inescapable puppet show, an endless dream in which the puppets are generally unaware that they are trapped within a mesmeric dance of whose mechanisms they know nothing and over which they have no control”. An absolute materialism, for Ligotti, implies an alienation of the idea which leads to a ventriloquil idealism. As Ligotti notes in an interview, “the fiasco and nightmare of existence, the particular fiasco and nightmare of human existence, the sense that people are puppets of powers they cannot comprehend, etc.” And then further elaborates that,“[a]ssuming that anything has to exist, my perfect world would be one in which everyone has experienced the annulment of his or her ego. That is, our consciousness of ourselves as unique individuals would entirely disappear”. The externality of the idea leads to the unfortunate consequence of consciousness eating at itself through horror which, for Ligotti, is more real than reality and goes beyond horror-as-affect. Beyond this, taking together with the unreality of life and the ventriloquizing of subjectivity, Ligotti's thought becomes an idealism in which thought itself is alien and ultimately horrifying. The role of human thought and the relation of non-relation of horror to thought is not completely clear in Ligotti's The Conspiracy Against the Human Race. Ligotti argues in his The Conspiracy Against the Human Race,that the advent of thought is a mistake of nature and that horror is being in the sense that horror results from knowing too much. Yet, at the same time, Ligotti seems to suggest that thought separates us from nature whereas, for Lovecraft, thought is far less privileged – mind is just another manifestation of the vital principal, it is just another materialization of energy. In his brilliant “Prospects for Post-Copernican Dogmatism” Iain Grant rallies against the negative definition of dogmatism and the transcendental, and suggests that negatively defining both over-focuses on conditions of access and subjectivism at the expense of the real or nature. With Schelling, who is Grant's champion against the subjectivist bastions of both Fichte and Kant, Ligotti's idealism could be taken as a transcendental realism following from an ontological realism. Yet the transcendental status of Ligotti's thought move towards a treatment of the transcendental which may threaten to leave beyond its realist ground. Ligotti states: Belief in the supernatural is only superstition. That said, a sense of the supernatural, as Conrad evidenced in Heart of Darkness, must be admitted if one's inclination is to go to the limits of horror. It is the sense of what should not be- the sense of being ravaged by the impossible. Phenomenally speaking, the super-natural may be regarded as the metaphysical counterpart of insanity, a transcendental correlative of a mind that has been driven mad. Again, Ligotti equates madness with thought, qualifying both as supernatural while remaining less emphatic about the metaphysical dimensions of horror. The question becomes one of how exactly the hallucinatory realm of the ideal relates to the black churning matter of Lovecraft's chaos of elementary particles. In his tale “I Have a Special Plan for This World” Ligotti formulates thus: A: There is no grand scheme of things. B: If there were a grand scheme of things, the fact – the fact – that we are not equipped to perceive it, either by natural or supernatural means, is a nightmarish obscenity. C: The very notion of a grand scheme of things is a nightmarish obscenity. Here Ligotti is not discounting metaphysics but implying that if it does exist the fact that we are phenomenologically ill-equipped to perceive that it is nightmarish. For Ligotti, nightmare and horror occur within the circuit of consciousness whereas for Lovecraft the relation between reality and mind is less productive on the side of mind. It is easier to ascertain how the Kantian philosophy is a defense against the diseases of the head as Kant armors his critical enterprise from too much of the world and too much of the mind. The weird fiction of both Lovecraft and Ligotti demonstrates that there is too much of both feeding into one another in a way that corrodes the Kantian schema throughly, breaking it down into a dead but still ontologically potentiated nigredo. The haunting, terrifying fact of Ligotti's idealism is that the transcendental motion which brought thought to matter, while throughly material and naturalized, brings with it the horror that thought cannot be undone without ending the material that bears it either locally or completely. Thought comes from an elsewhere and an elsewhen being-in-thought. The unthinkable outside thought is as maddening as the unthought engine of thought itself within thought which doesn't exist except for the mind, the rotting décor of the brain. /5/ - Hyperstitional Transcendental Paranoia or Self -Expelled Thought Weird fiction has been given some direct treatment in philosophy in the mad black Deleuzianism of Nick Land. Nick Land along with others in the 1990s created the Cyber Culture Research Unit as well as the research group Hyperstition. The now defunct hyperstitional website, an outgrowth of the Cyber Culture Research Unit, defined hyperstition in the following fourfold: 1-Element of effective culture that makes itself real. 2-Fictional quantity functional as a time-traveling device. 3-Coincidence intensifier. 4-Call to the Old Ones. The distinctively Lovecraftian character of hyperstition is hard to miss as is its Deleuzo-Guattarian roots. In the opening pages of A Thousand Plateaus Deleuze and Guattari write, “We have been criticized for over-quoting literary authors. But when one writes, the only question is which other machine the literary machine can be plugged into”. The indisinction of literature and philosophy mirrors the mess of being and knowing as post-correlationist philosophy, where philosophy tries to make itself real where literature, especially the weird, aims itself at the brain-circuit of horror. The texts of both Lovecraft and Ligotti work through horror as epistemological plasticity meeting with proximity as well as the deep time of Lovecraft and the glacially slow time of paranoia in Ligotti. Against Deleuze, and following Brassier, we cannot allow the time of consciousness, the Bergsonian time of the duree, to override natural time, but instead acknowledge that it is an unfortunate fact of existence as a thinking being. Horror-time, the time of consciousness, with all its punctuated moments and drawn out terrors, cannot compare to the deep time of non-existence both in the unreachable past and the unknown future. The crystalline cogs of Kant's account of experience as the leading light for the possibility of metaphysics must be throughly obliterated. His gloss of experience in Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics could not be more sterile: Experience consists of intuitions, which belong to the sensibility, and of judgments, which are entirely a work of the understanding. But the judgments which the understanding makes entirely out of sensuous intuitions are far from being judgments of experience. For in the one case the judgment connects only the perceptions as they are given in sensuous intuition [....] Experience consists in the synthetic connection of appearances in consciousness, so far as this connection is necessary. Here it is difficult to dismiss the queasiness that Kant's legalism induces upon sight for both Badiou and David-Menard. Kant's thought becomes, as Foucault says when reflecting on Sade's text in relation to nature, “the savage abolition of itself”. For Badiou, Kant's philosophy simply closes off too much of the outside, freezing the world of thought in an all too limited formalism. Critical philosophy is simply the systematized quarantine on future thinking, on thinking which would threaten the formalism which artificially grants thought its own coherency in the face of madness. Even the becoming-mad of Deleuze, while escaping the rumbling ground, makes grounds for itself, mad grounds but grounds which are thinkable in their affect. The field of effects allows for Deleuze's aesthetic and radical empiricism, in which effects and/or occasions make up the material of the world to be thought as a chaosmosis of simulacra. Given a critique of an empiricism of aesthetics, of the image, it may be difficult to justify an attack on Kantian formalism with the madness of literature, which does not aim to make itself real but which we may attempt to make real. That is, how do Lovecraft's and Ligotti's materials, as materials for philosophy to work on, differ from either the operative formalisms of Kant or the implicitly formalized images of Deleuzian empiricism? It is simply that such texts do not aim to make themselves real, and make claims to the real which are more alien to us than familiar, which is why their horror is immediately more trustworthy. This is the madness which Blanchot discusses in The Infinite Conversation through Cervantes and his knight – the madness of book-life, of the perverse unity of literature and life a discussion which culminates in the discussion of one of the weird's masters, that of Kafka. The text is the knowing of madness, since madness, in its moment of becoming-more-mad, cannot be frozen in place but by the solidifications of externalizing production. This is why Foucault ends his famous study with works of art. Furthermore extilligence, the ability to export the products of our maligned brains, is the companion of the attempts to export, or discover the possibility of intelligences outside of our heads, in order for philosophy to survive the solar catastrophe. To borrow again from Deleuze, writing is inseparable from becoming. The mistake is to believe that madness is reabsorbed by extilligence, by great works, or that it could be exorcised by the expelling of thought into the inorganic or differently organic. Going out of our heads does not guarantee we will no longer mean we cannot still go out of our minds. This is simply because of the outside, of matter, or force, or energy, or thing-in-itself, or Schopenhauerian Will. In Lovecraft’s “The Music of Erich Zahn” an “impoverished student of metaphysics” becomes intrigued by strange viol music coming from above his room. After meeting the musician the student discovers that each night he plays frantic music at a window in order to keep some horridness at bay, some “impenetrable darkness with chaos and pandemonium”. The aesthetic defenses provided by the well trained brain can bear the hex of matter for so long, the specter of unalterability within it which too many minds obliterate, collapsing everything before the thought of thought as thinkable or at least noetically mutable on our own terms. Transcendental paranoia is the concurrent nightmare and promise of Paul Humphrey's work, of being literally out of our minds. It is the gothic counterpart of thinking non-conceptually but also of thinking never belonging to any instance of purportedly solid being. As Bataille stated, “At the boundary of that which escapes cohesion, he who reflects within cohesion realizes there is no longer any room for him” Thought is immaterial only to the degree that it is inhuman, it is a power that tries, always with failure, to ascertain its own genesis. Philosophy, if it can truly return to the great outdoors, if it can leave behind the dead loop of the human skull, must recognize not only the non-priority of human thought, but that thought never belongs to the brain that thinks it, thought comes from somewhere else. To return to the train image from the beginning “a locomotive rolling on the surface of the earth is the image of continuous metamorphosis” this is the problem of thought, and of thinking thought, of being no longer able to isolate thought, with only a thought-formed structure. [1] One of the central tenets of Francois Laruelle's non-philosophy is that philosophy has traditionally operated on material already presupposed as thinkable instead of trying to think the real in itself. Philosophy, according to Laruelle, remains fixated on transcendental synthesis which shatters immanence into an empirical datum and an a prori factum which are then fused by a third thing such as the ego. For a critical account of Laruelle's non-philosophy see Ray Brassier's Nihil Unbound. (shrink)

Formulação de Ração para Ovinos -/- Belo Jardim 2021 Formulação de Ração para Ovinos Copyright © 2021 -/- Todos os direitos reservados -/- Impresso no Brasil / Printed in Brazil -/- Departamento de Nutrição Animal do IPA – Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco Av. Gen. San Martin, 1371 - Bongi, Recife - PE -/- Presidente do Comitê Editorial Múcio de Barros Wanderley Membros do Comitê Editorial Antônio Raimundo de Sousa Editor-chefe Josimar Gurgel Fernandes Editores de Seção Antonio Felix da Costa Supervisão (...) editorial Almira Almeida de Souza Galdino -/- Dados de Catalogação E81 Formulação de Ração para Ovinos [recurso eletrônico] / – Belo Jardim: IPA, 2021. Il. Color. PDF (estudos técnico e graduação) -/- ISSN 2446-8053 (online) -/- 1. Formulação. 2. Ração. 3. Dietas. 4. Alimentos. 5. Ovinos. I. . II. Título. CDD 221-1 -/- APRESENTAÇÃO -/- O material Formulação de Ração para Ovinos é um material de apoio para os estudantes técnicos da área pecuária ou agropecuária e para os acadêmicos da área da ciência animal que necessitam de uma base teórico-científica para a formulação de dietas para ovinos das mais diferentes categorias, idades, estados fisiológicos etc. A abordagem desse material é a apresentação das exigências nutricionais dos ovinos mediante as bases científicas como o NRC (2007); e, através de equações de predileções, apresentar as exigências nutricionais sob as condições brasileiras. Posteriormente, apresentar exemplos práticos de formulação de dietas mediante as técnicas matemáticas empregadas para a mesma. Será abordada situações reais onde um profissional pode se deparar no cotidiano de propriedades ovinocultoras. O texto estruturado de forma sistêmica, dividido em três capítulos com as exigências nutricionais, composição dos principais alimentos e a formulação prática de dietas, possibilita que os conceitos e as etapas de elaboração de dietas que supram as necessidades dos animais sejam abordados de forma clara e objetiva, com a finalidade de servir de ferramenta para que os produtores rurais, técnicos, zootecnistas, nutricionistas etc. possam conseguir elaborar dietas para fornecer uma ração que supra os requerimentos dos ovinos e que possam, também, atuar como agentes multiplicadores dessas técnicas de elaboração e planejamento alimentar nas suas regiões de origem/atuação. -/- SUMÁRIO -/- EXIGÊNCIAS NUTRICIONAIS DOS OVINOS 1 Equações de predição do consumo de matéria seca (CMS) 1 Equações de predição das formas de energia para ganho de peso 2 Equações de predição das formas de proteína para ovinos 3 Equações de predição de energia para ovinos leiteiros 5 Equações de predição de proteína metabolizável para ovinos leiteiros 6 Tabelas de requerimentos nutricionais dos ovinos 7 ALIMENTOS PARA OVINOS 19 FORMULAÇÃO DE RAÇÃO PARA OVINOS 29 RAÇÕES PRONTAS PARA OVINOS 65 CONCLUSÕES 71 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 72 -/- -/- EXIGÊNCIAS NUTRICIONAIS DOS OVINOS -/- Para a formulação de dietas, tanto para a espécie ovina quanto para outras espécies de interesse zootécnico, deve seguir um padrão, este que é estabelecido com o objetivo de facilitar o processo de elaboração de uma dieta. Um dos passos da elaboração é a determinação das exigências nutritivas do animal para que sirva de base para a ração final obter as mesmas quantidades da exigência, por exemplo, um animal que exige 0,25 kg de proteína, então balanceia-se uma dieta que contenha a mesma quantidade exigida. As exigências nutricionais dos animais mudam em decorrência de diversos fatores, sendo os mais relevantes a raça, peso, idade, estado produtivo do animal, ambiente, disponibilidade de forragem etc. Das exigências nutricionais dos animais, as de maior destaque são os requisitos proteicos, energéticos, vitamínicos e minerais. Existem diferentes fontes teóricas e científicas que dispõem de tabelas de requerimentos nutricionais da espécie ovina de acordo com diferentes fatores, sendo eles os de peso vivo; ganho ou perda de peso; estado produtivo ou improdutivo de carne, leite ou lã; animal em início, meio ou fim da gestação com um ou dois fetos; fêmeas paridas em lactação com uma ou duas crias ao pé etc. Apresentarei aqui algumas equações para predizer as exigências líquidas nutricionais dos ovinos e as principais tabelas de requerimentos dos ovinos que servirão de base teórica para a formulação prática de rações para animais em diferentes situações. Equações de predição do consumo de matéria seca (CMS) Na tabela 1, são apresentadas as estimativas para o consumo diário de matéria seca para cordeiros em função da variação do peso vivo (PV) e do ganho de peso diário (GPD), considerando-se a seguinte equação: CMS (kg/animal/dia) = 0,311 + [(0,0197 x PV) + (0,682 x GPD)] -/- Utilizando essa equação para diferentes pesos e médias de ganho de peso diário montamos a tabela de CMS dos cordeiros: Tabela 1: Estimativas do consumo diário de matéria seca em função do peso vivo e do ganho médio diário de peso de cordeiros Fonte: CABRAL, et al., 2008. Equações de predição das formas de energia para ganho de peso Para a estimativa das exigências de energia líquida para ganho de peso dos animais, pode-se utilizar a seguinte fórmula: Y = (2,0411 + (0,0472 x PV)) x GPD -/- Onde: Y = energia líquida (Mcal) necessária para ganho de 1kg de peso vivo PV= peso vivo dos animais GPD = ganho médio diário em kg Para a transformação das exigências em energia líquida para ganho de peso (ELg), foi considerada a eficiência de uso da energia para ganho de peso de 0,47. De posse dos valores de energia metabolizável de mantença (EMm) e energia metabolizável para ganho (EMg), foram obtidos a exigência em energia digestível (ED) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), dividindo-se o total de EM por 0,82 e a ED por 4,409 (tabela 2): Tabela 2: Estimativas das exigencias de diferentes formas de energia em função do peso vivo e do ganho médio diário de peso de cordeiros Fonte: CABRAL, et al., 2008. Equações de predição das formas de proteína para ovinos Para estimar as necessidades líquidas em proteína em função do ganho de peso, pode-se utilizar a seguinte equação: Y = 189,21 – (0,7652 x PV) x GPD Onde: Y = quantidade (g) de proteína líquida necessária para o ganho de 1 kg de peso vivo PV = peso vivo do animal, que dividido pela eficiência de 0,59 resultou na estimativa da proteína metabolizável para ganho GPD = ganho médio diário em kg Para estimar a proteína para cada kg de peso vivo de ganho é usada a fórmula: Y = 189,21 – (0,7652 x PV) -/- Por sua vez, essa equação foi convertida em proteína metabolizável (PMg) para ganho considerando-se a eficiência de 0,59. Uma vez obtida a quantidade total de proteína metabolizável (PMm + PMg), a mesma foi convertida a proteína bruta (g/animal/dia), a partir das seguintes equações: PMic (g) = 120 x NDT (kg) x 0,64 PDR (g) = 1,11 x PMic PNDR (g) = (PM – PDR)/0,8 PB (g) = PDR + PNDR -/- Onde: PMic = quantidade de proteína bruta microbiana que flui para o duodeno por dia PDR = exigência em proteína degradada no rúmen PNDR = exigência em proteína não degradada no rúmen PB = exigência em proteína bruta Através desse sistema de equações determinamos as estimativas das exigências proteicas dos cordeiros em função do peso vivo e do ganho de peso diário (tabela 3). Lembrando-se que essas equações de predição são para ovinos produtores de carne, isto é, para ovinos de corte. As estimativas e algumas equações de predição para ovinos produtores de leite serão apresentadas posteriormente. Tabela 3: Estimativas das exigencias de diferentes formas de proteína em função do peso vivo e do ganho médio diário de peso de cordeiros Fonte: CABRAL, et al., 2008. Equações de predição de energia para ovinos leiteiros De forma geral, os ovinos necessitam de energia para diversas funções, dentre elas para mantença, para movimentação ou trabalho (mudança de posição, por exemplo), para crescimento, gestação e lactação. As equações de predileção para estimar essas exigências são apresentadas abaixo e foram compiladas do AFRC (1993): Mantença: Metabolismo em Jejum F (MJ/dia) = C1 {0,25(PV/1,08)0,67} para animais de até 1 ano F (MJ/dia) = C1 {0,23(PV/1,08)0,67} para animais acima de 1 ano C1 = 1,15 para machos inteiros; 1,00 para fêmeas e machos castrados Estimativas de custo adicional de energia de atividade: Atividade Custo energético Movimento horizontal 0,7 cal/kg/movim. Movimento vertical 6,7 cal/kg/movim. Em estação 2,4 kcal/kg/dia Uma muda de posição 0,06 kcal/kg -/- Crescimento: Valor de energia do ganho VE (MJ/kg) = 2,5 + 0,35PV (Machos não Merino) VE (MJ/dia) = 4,4+ 0,32PV (Castrados) VE (MJ/dia) = 2,1+ 0,45PV (Fêmeas) VE (MJ/kg) = 5,7 Mcal/kg de ganho (Fêmeas em lactação) Gestação (últimos 3 meses): Retenção diária de energia (EC) Ec = 0,25 PVo (Et x 0,07372e-0,00643), onde: t – número de dias para a composição PVo – total de peso dos cordeiros ao nascimento (kg) Lactação: Valor de energia do leite VEg (MJ/dia) = 0,0328G x 0,0025P + 2,2033, onde G - conteúdo de gordura do leite (g/kg) P – conteúdo de proteína do leite (g/kg) Equações de predição de proteína metabolizável para ovinos leiteiros Mantença: PMm (g/dia) = 2,1875g/kgPV0,75 + 20,4 (Ovelhas) PMm (g/dia) = 2,1875g/kgPV0,75 (Cordeiros (as) em crescimento) Ganho de peso: Valor de proteína do ganho NPf (g/dia) = ∆PV (160,4 – 1,22PV + 0,0105PV2) para machos e castrados NPf (g/dia) = ∆PV (156,01 – 1,94PV + 0,0173PV2) para fêmeas Gestação: Valor de retenção de proteína líquida no feto e envoltórios fetais (PLc) PLc (g/dia) = TPt x 0,06744e-0,00601t, onde t = número de dias para a concepção e: Log10(TPt) = 4,928 – 4,873e-0,00601t Lactação: Valor de proteína líquida do leite (Pll) Pll = 71,9 g/kg de leite Tabelas de requerimentos nutricionais dos ovinos Resumidamente, a composição do concentrado dos ovinos, de acordo com a categoria, e as quantidades a serem fornecidas/animal/dia é a seguinte: Tabela 4: Composição do concentrado e quantidades fornecidas Fonte: CODEVASF, 2011. Agora, vamos dividir os requerimentos dos ovinos de acordo com a categoria, conforme os dados obtidos no NRC (2007). Tabela 5: Cordeiros desmamados precocemente, potencial de crescimento moderado3 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal¹) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT² (g) Ca (g) P (g) 10 200 0,5 5 180 410 3,5 1,8 20 250 1 5 170 815 5,5 2,3 30 300 1,3 4,3 190 1000 6,8 3,2 40 350 1,5 3,8 200 1180 7,8 3,7 50 300 1,5 3 190 1180 6,8 3,7 -/- 1 – para converter matéria seca em matéria natural, divida o valor em MS pela porcentagem de MS do ingrediente. Por exemplo, em uma ração encontrou-se 100 g MS de milho, sabendo-se que a % de MS do milho é 90%, então: 100/0,9 = 112 g de milho com base na matéria natural. 2 – 453,6 g de NDT equivale a 0,91 Mcal de energia digestível (ED). Tabela 6: Cordeiros desmamados precocemente, potencial de crescimento rápido3 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 10 250 0,6 6 160 500 5 2,3 20 300 1,2 6 210 910 6,5 2,8 30 350 1,4 4,7 220 1100 7,5 3,2 40 400 1,5 3,8 230 1150 8,5 4,1 50 430 1,7 3,4 240 1270 9,5 6,8 60 350 1,7 2,8 240 1270 8,2 4,5 -/- Tabela 7: Terminação de cordeiros (idade entre 4 e 7 meses)3 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 30 300 1,3 4,3 190 950 6,5 3,5 40 270 1,6 4 185 1230 6,5 3,5 50 200 1,6 3,2 160 1230 5,5 3,5 -/- 3 – ganhos de peso máximos esperados. -/- Tabela 8: Borregas de reposição (para reprodução)4 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 30 230 1,2 4 185 770 6,5 3 40 180 1,4 3,5 175 910 5,9 3 50 120 1,5 3 140 860 5 2,5 60 100 1,5 2,5 140 860 4,5 2,5 70 100 1,5 2,1 150 860 4,5 3 -/- Tabela 9: Borregos de reposição (para reprodução)4 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 330 1,8 4,5 250 1130 7,7 3,6 60 320 2,4 4 270 1550 8,2 4,1 80 290 2,8 3,5 270 1770 8,6 4,5 100 250 3 3 270 1770 8,2 4,5 -/- 4 – esses cordeiros são destinados para a reprodução, portanto, o ganho máximo de peso e o acabamento são de importância secundária. Tabela 10: Mantença de ovinos PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 10 1 2 100 550 2 2 60 10 1,1 1,8 110 590 2,5 2,5 70 10 1,2 1,7 120 680 2,5 2,5 80 10 1,3 1,6 130 730 3 3 90 10 1,4 1,5 140 770 3 3 -/- Tabela 11: Flushing para ovinos (2 semanas pré-reprodução e primeiras 3 semanas de reprodução) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 100 1,6 3,2 150 950 5,5 3 60 100 1,7 2,8 155 1000 5,5 3 70 100 1,8 2,6 165 1050 5,5 3,5 80 100 1,9 2,4 175 1140 6 3,5 90 100 2 2,2 180 1180 6 4 -/- Tabela 12: Primeiras 15 semanas de gestação (não-lactantes) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 30 1,2 2,4 115 680 3 2,5 60 30 1,3 2,2 125 730 3,5 2,5 70 30 1,4 2 135 770 4 3 80 30 1,5 1,9 140 820 4 3,5 90 30 1,6 1,8 150 870 4,2 4 -/- Tabela 13: Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (taxa de parição entre 130 e 150%) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 180 1,6 3,2 175 950 6 4,5 60 180 1,7 2,8 185 1000 6 5 70 180 1,8 2,6 190 1050 6,5 5,5 80 180 1,9 2,4 200 1100 6,5 6,5 90 180 2 2,2 215 1150 6,5 6,5 -/- Tabela 14: Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (taxa de parição entre 180 e 225%) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 220 1,7 3,4 195 1100 6,5 3,5 60 220 1,8 3 205 1180 6,8 4 70 220 1,9 2,7 215 1270 7,7 4,5 80 220 2 2,5 225 1320 8,2 6 90 220 2,1 2,3 235 1360 9,1 6,5 -/- Tabela 15: Primeiras 6 a 8 semanas de lactação (com uma cria) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 -30 2,1 4,2 300 1360 9 6 60 -30 2,3 3,9 320 1500 9 6,5 70 -30 2,5 3,6 330 1650 9 6,8 80 -30 2,6 3,2 345 1680 9,5 7,3 90 -30 2,7 3 355 1730 9,5 7,7 -/- Valores negativos de GPD indicam queda do consumo e, consequentemente, queda no ganho de peso. Tabela 16: Primeiras 6 a 8 semanas de lactação (com duas crias) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 -60 2,4 4,8 390 1540 10,5 7,3 60 -60 2,6 4,3 405 1680 10,5 7,7 70 -60 2,8 4 420 1815 11 8,2 80 -60 3 3,8 435 1950 11,5 8,7 90 -60 3,2 3,6 450 2100 11,5 9,1 -/- Tabela 17: Últimas 4 a 6 semanas de lactação (com uma cria) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 50 1,6 3,2 170 950 6 4,5 60 50 1,7 2,8 180 1000 6 5 70 50 1,8 2,6 190 1050 6,5 5,5 80 50 1,9 2,4 200 1100 6,5 6 90 50 2 2,2 215 1150 6,5 6,5 -/- Tabela 18: Últimas 4 a 6 semanas de lactação (com duas crias) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 90 2,1 4,2 300 1360 9 6 60 90 2,3 3,8 320 1500 9 6,5 70 90 2,5 3,6 330 1630 9 7 80 90 2,6 3,2 350 1680 9,5 7,5 90 90 2,7 3 360 1730 9,5 8 -/- Ovinos raças leves Tabela 19: Primeiras 15 semanas de gestação (não lactantes) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 160 1,4 3,5 155 820 6,5 3,5 50 140 1,5 3 160 860 6,5 3,5 60 140 1,6 2,7 160 910 6,5 3,5 70 130 1,7 2,4 165 1000 6,5 3,5 -/- Tabela 20: Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (taxa de parto esperada de 100 a 120%) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 180 1,5 3,8 185 950 6,5 3,5 50 160 1,6 3,2 190 1000 6,5 3,5 60 160 1,7 2,8 190 1100 6,5 3,5 70 150 1,8 2,6 195 1150 7 4 -/- Tabela 21: Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (taxa de parto esperada de 130 a 175%) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 230 1,5 3,8 200 1000 7,5 3,5 50 230 1,6 3,2 210 1050 8 3,5 60 230 1,7 2,8 215 1150 8,5 4 70 230 1,8 2,6 215 1150 8,5 4,5 -/- Tabela 22: Primeiras 6 a 8 semanas de lactação com uma cria (desmame em 8 semanas) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 -50 1,7 4,2 260 1150 6 4 50 -50 2,1 4,2 280 1410 6,5 4,5 60 -50 2,3 3,8 295 1550 7 5 70 -50 2,5 3,6 310 1640 7,5 5,5 -/- Tabela 23: Primeiras 6 a 8 semanas de lactação com duas crias (desmame em 8 semanas) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 -90 2,1 5,2 310 1450 8,5 5,5 50 -90 2,3 4,6 325 1590 9 6 60 -90 2,5 4,2 340 1730 9,5 6,5 70 -90 2,7 3,9 350 1860 9,5 7 -/- Concentrações de nutrientes necessárias em rações de ovinos (% da MS) Tabela 24: Concentrações de nutrientes para rações de ovinos com base na % da MS Mantença CMS 1,2 kg – PB 9,5% - NDT 55% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,0 - Ca 0,4 g/kg – P 0,2 g/kg Flushing CMS 1,8 kg – PB 9% - NDT 60% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,1 - Ca 0,5 g/kg – P 0,2 g/kg Gestantes primeiras 15 semanas CMS 1,4 kg – PB 9,5% - NDT 55% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,0 - Ca 0,5 g/kg – P 0,2 g/kg Gestantes últimas semanas (queda de 40% no CMS) CMS 1,8 kg – PB 11% - NDT 60% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,1 - Ca 0,6 g/kg – P 0,25 g/kg Gestantes últimas semanas (queda de 60% no CMS) CMS 2,0 kg – PB 11,5% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,3 - Ca 0,65 g/kg – P 0,3 g/kg Início da gestação (1 feto) CMS 1,3 kg – PB 8% - NDT 55% - EM (Mcal/kg) 1,9 - Ca 0,45 g/kg – P 0,32 g/kg Final da gestação (1 feto) CMS 1,5 kg – PB 7% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,0 - Ca 0,55 g/kg – P 0,4 g/kg Início da gestação (dois fetos) CMS 1,5 kg – PB 8,5% - NDT 55% - EM (Mcal/kg) 1,9 - Ca 0,4 g/kg – P 0,28 g/kg Final da gestação (dois fetos) CMS 1,5 kg – PB 11% - NDT 75% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,6 - Ca 0,55 g/kg – P 0,35 g/kg Lactação (uma cria) CMS 2,5 kg – PB 13,5% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,3 - Ca 0,65 g/kg – P 0,3 g/kg Lactação (duas crias) CMS 2,8 kg – PB 15% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,5 - Ca 0,75 g/kg – P 0,35 g/kg Creep-feeding para cordeiros CMS 0,6 kg – PB 26,5% - NDT 80% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,9 - Ca 0,95 g/kg – P 0,4 g/kg Cordeiros crescimento (GPD 270 g/dia) CMS 1,18 kg – PB 16,5% - NDT 78% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,8 - Ca 0,6 g/kg – P 0,25 g/kg Cordeiros terminação (GPD 360 g/dia) CMS 1,5 kg – PB 14,5% - NDT 78% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,7 - Ca 0,7 g/kg – P 0,3 g/kg Cordeiros terminação (GPD 270 g/dia) CMS 1,6 kg – PB 12% - NDT 75% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,7 - Ca 0,55 g/kg – P 0,22 g/kg Borregas reposição CMS 1,4 kg – PB 10% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,4 - Ca 0,45 g/kg – P 0,18 g/kg Borregos reposição CMS 2,4 kg – PB 11% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,3 - Ca 0,45 g/kg – P 0,18 g/kg Reprodutores serviço CMS 3,0 kg – PB 10% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,3 - Ca 0,4 g/kg – P 0,15 g/kg Confinamento de ovinos PB 14% - NDT 65% - Ca 0,8 % – P 0,4% Adaptação de BELLUZO et al., 2001; BORGES & GONÇALVES, 2011 e NRC, 2007. As exigências minerais dos ovinos, segundo autores, são apresentadas na tabela 25. Tabela 25: Exigências minerais de ovinos MACROMINERAIS CHURCH (2002) (%) ZANETTI (2019) (%) Ca 0,2 – 0,82 0,3 – 0,5 P 0,16 – 0,38 0,17 – 0,48 Mg 0,12 – 0,18 0,09 – 0,11 K 0,5 – 0,8 0,46 S 0,14 – 0,26 0,15 – 0,25 Na 0,09 – 0,18 0,1 Cl 0,09 – 0,18 0,1 MICROMINERAIS CHURCH (2002) mg/kg ZANETTI (2019) mg/kg Co 0,1 – 0,2 0,1 Cu 7 – 11 4 – 7 Fe 30 – 50 7 – 90 I 0,1 – 0,8 0,5 Mn 20 – 40 8 – 24 Mo 0,5 5 Se 0,1 – 0,2 0,04 – 0,52 Zn 20 – 33 25 – 29 -/- Energia metabolizável para ovinos A energia metabolizável é a parte da energia bruta que não aparece em fezes, urinas e nos gases produtos da fermentação (principalmente metano). É determinada pela subtração das perdas de energia na urina e gases combustíveis da energia digestível (ED) consumida; para isso, deve-se coletar fezes, urinas e perdas gasosas. É um pouco mais precisa que a ED em termos de estimativa da energia disponível, porém mais caro para determiná-la. Compara-se com a energia proveniente do NDT menos a energia dos gases da fermentação. Determinamos através da fórmula: EM = EB (energia bruta) – (energia perdida em fezes + energia perdida em gases da fermentação + energia perdida na urina) -/- Em muitos cálculos da formulação de dietas para animais de produção é utilizada a energia metabolizável no lugar do NDT. Logo, apresentamos as exigências de energia metabolizável dos ovinos em função do peso e da categoria fisiológica do animal. Tabela 26: Exigências de energia metabolizável para ovinos PV (kg) EM (Mcal/dia) Mantença EM (Mcal/dia) Flushing EM (Mcal/dia) Início gestação 1 cria EM (Mcal/dia) Início gestação 2 crias 40 1,48 1,63 1,89 2,20 50 1,75 1,92 2,21 2,51 60 2,00 2,21 2,51 2,89 70 2,25 2,48 2,80 3,22 80 2,49 2,74 3,08 3,52 PV (kg) EM (Mcal/dia) Final gestação 1 cria EM (Mcal/dia) Final gestação 2 crias EM (Mcal/dia) Lactação 1 cria EM (Mcal/dia) Lactação 2 crias 40 2,38 3,05 2,61 3,35 50 2,76 3,50 3,00 3,85 60 3,11 3,94 3,39 4,31 70 3,45 4,37 3,75 4,73 80 3,78 4,75 4,08 5,15 -/- As exigências nutricionais dos ovinos servem de alicerce para a elaboração de uma dieta, uma vez que, diante os cálculos, é necessário estimar uma quantidade x de um dado alimento para suprir uma exigência final seja proteica, energética ou qualquer outra. Essas tabelas de exigências dos ovinos servem de base após a caracterização do lote para que deve ser elaborada uma mistura. Por exemplo, um lote de cordeiros com 30 kg de peso vivo, quais são as exigências de cada animal? Basta consultar a tabela 7 deste manual para depois ser levantado os alimentos e a composição destes e começar a elaborar a dieta. Agora que conhecemos os animais e suas exigências, vamos discorrer sobre o grupo e os principais ingredientes com potencial nutricional para alimentar os ovinos. -/- Relação volumoso:concentrado (v:c) para ovinos Além do balanceamento dos nutrientes necessários, a relação v:c da dieta depende, basicamente, da qualidade do volumoso e da ração concentrada. Se o volumoso possuir boa qualidade, consequentemente seu valor nutricional será melhor e, para ovinos em mantença por exemplo, pode ser empregado em 100% da ração; por sua vez, se o volumoso possuir péssima qualidade nutricional será necessária a adição de concentrado na dieta diária do animal, não esquecendo de que essa ração concentrada deverá atender os requisitos do animal, logo a ração deverá ser de boa qualidade. Além da qualidade do volumoso e/ou concentrado, a relação v:c depende também do objetivo final de criação, isto é, se é necessário engordar os animais em menos tempo para abate, ou em pastagem etc., portanto, também depende da necessidade de ganho de peso diário para os animais, uma vez que a finalidade é um GPD maior é utilizada uma relação concentrada maior que a volumosa. O NRC, 2007 sugere as proporções de v:c para ovinos em diferentes situações. Exemplos de proporções de volumoso e concentrado na dieta de ovinos PV Kg VOLUMOSO % CONCENTRADO % Mantença 70 100 0 Flushing 70 85 15 Fêmeas secas – primeiras 15 semanas de gestação 70 100 0 Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (TP¹ 130-150%) 70 85 15 Últimas 4-6 semanas de lactação 1 cria 70 85 15 Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (TP 180-225%) 70 65 35 Primeiras 6-8 semanas de lactação com 1 cria 70 65 35 Últimas 4-6 semanas de lactação com 2 crias 70 65 35 Primeiras 6-8 semanas de lactação com 2 crias 70 65 35 Borregas secas – primeiras 15 semanas de gestação 55 85 15 Borregas – últimas 4 semanas de gestação (TP 100-120%) 55 70 30 Borregas – últimas 4 semanas de gestação (TP 130-175%) 55 60 40 Borregas – primeiras 6-8 semanas de lactação com 1 cria (desmame aos 8 meses) 55 60 40 Borregas – primeiras 6-8 semanas de lactação com 2 crias (desmame aos 8 meses) 55 50 50 Borregas de reposição 30 65 35 40 65 35 50-70 85 15 Borregos de reposição 40 70 30 60 70 30 80-100 70 30 Terminação de cordeiros 4-7 meses 30 40 60 40 25 75 50 20 80 Cordeiros recém-desmamados 10 10 90 20 15 85 30 15 85 40-60 15 85 Fonte: NRC, 2007. -/- ALIMENTOS PARA OVINOS -/- De forma geral, sabemos que os alimentos dividem-se em dois grupos os alimentos volumosos e os concentrados. Os volumosos são aqueles que possuem carga nutritiva menor e que o animal deve consumir em maior quantidade para suprir suas exigências nutricionais, o teor de proteína desses alimentos é variável, mas, na maior parte, não ultrapassa os 20%; por sua vez, a quantidade de fibra é grande já que esse grupo engloba as forragens, pastagens, fenos, palhas, silagens, raízes, tubérculos etc. Os concentrados são aqueles com alta carga nutricional e que o animal, mesmo consumindo poucas quantidades (em torno de 1 kg), supre todas suas exigências nutricionais; estes são divididos em alimentos que fornecem mais energia do que proteína (energéticos) como o milho, e nos que fornecem mais proteína que energia (proteicos) como o farelo de soja. Existem uma série de alimentos que podem ser utilizados na alimentação dos ovinos como as gramíneas forrageiras como o capim-andropogon, capim-braquiária, capim-buffel, capim tifton, estrela-africana, capim-massai, capim-mombaça, capim-colonião e capim-elefante; as leguminosas que são, muitas vezes, fontes alternativas de alimentos como o amendoim forrageiro, guandu, feijão andu, leucena, estilosantes, algaroba, gliricídia, sabiá etc.; os alimentos concentrados energéticos como a aveia, trigo, cevada, centeio, milho, sorgo, arroz e os subprodutos desses ingredientes; os alimentos concentrados proteicos como farelo de linhaça, farelo de girassol, farelo de amendoim, farelo de soja etc. Existem ainda, os alimentos provenientes da caatinga com alto potencial para a alimentação dos ovinos; a composição proteica desses alimentos e a parte comestível que pode ser fornecida aos ovinos é apresentada na tabela 27. -/- Tabela 27: Forragens nativas do nordeste brasileiro usadas como alimento Fonte: CODEVASF, 2011. A composição bromatológica dos ingredientes utilizados na alimentação dos ovinos, que é indispensável para a elaboração de dietas que supram os requisitos é apresentada na tabela 28. É importante frisar que existem outros ingredientes com alto potencial nutricional para os ovinos. Tabela 28: Composição bromatológica dos alimentos utilizados na alimentação de ovinos Alimento MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Concentrados energéticos Arroz farelo desengordurado 88,2 16,8 1,66 2,1 24,9 0,09 1,8 Arroz farelo desfinitizado 90,8 18 1,65 - - 0,31 2,04 Arroz farelo integral 88,9 13,4 16,4 3,3 87,5 0,11 1,73 Arroz farelo parboilizado 91,2 16,2 24,25 - - - 0,09 Arroz grão c/casca 89,1 8,2 3,9 2,0 56,1 0,09 0,08 Arroz grão s/casca 86,2 8,5 1,2 - - 0,04 0,16 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Aveia grão 90,4 14,6 3,8 3,2 83,3 0,13 0,35 Batata 29,1 3,1 0,3 3,1 84,6 0,33 0,08 Batata doce - 6 0,6 - - 0,05 0,11 Beterraba 14 2 0,4 - - 0,18 0,12 Cacau farelo 88,8 15,9 4,5 2,4 64,5 0,74 0,5 Centeio grão 88,4 18,1 1,9 - - 0,68 0,42 Cevada grão 89,9 12,4 1,5 2,8 76,8 0,05 0,37 Dendê torta 91 15,4 9,3 3,1 82,3 0,2 0,75 Faveira vagem 77,3 11,2 1,25 - 72,5 - - Mandioca raspa 87,7 2,8 0,5 3,0 82,2 0,21 0,07 Milheto grão 88,1 12,1 3,2 - - - - Milho grão/fubá 88 9 4 3,3 87,7 0,03 0,26 MDPS 87,9 7,1 3,15 2,8 75,9 0,04 0,22 Milho espiga silagem 55,2 8,1 3,7 3,2 85,9 0,05 0,27 Milho gérmen farelo 89,9 11 22,9 3,9 103,8 0,03 0,42 Milho grão reidratado silagem 65,8 9,3 4,7 3,75 99,6 - - Milho silagem grão úmido 66,7 9,2 4,6 3,3 88,2 0,03 0,25 Polpa cítrica 88,4 6,9 3,1 2,9 78,3 1,8 0,13 Soja casca 90,1 12,6 2,2 2,7 72,5 0,52 0,16 Sorgo grão 88 9,3 2,9 3,1 84,4 0,07 0,29 Sorgo grão reidratado silagem 65,3 9,15 3,4 3,0 79,9 - - Trigo farelo 87,6 16,7 3,6 2,95 77,3 0,17 1,01 Trigo grão 89,1 14,2 1,45 - - - - Concentrados proteicos Algodão caroço 90,6 23,1 19,2 3,45 88,2 0,27 0,75 Algodão farelo 28 89,8 28 2,0 2,8 68,1 0,26 0,77 Algodão farelo 38 89,7 38 1,5 2,7 65,6 0,24 0,97 Algodão farelo 42 90,5 42 1,6 3,0 69,8 0,22 0,96 Algodão torta 90,4 29,6 9,5 3,0 75,6 0,28 0,58 Amendoim farelo 89,4 56 1,3 3,9 89,5 0,18 0,62 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Amiréia 90,6 200 5,0 - 22 0,12 0,08 Babaçu farelo 90 20,6 1,6 2,75 71,9 0,13 0,36 Babaçu torta 90,8 19,3 8,0 3,0 78 0,15 0,69 Crambe farelo 89,1 35,9 1,2 3,1 73,9 0,29 0,47 Canola farelo 89,4 40,1 2,5 3,5 83,4 0,62 0,82 Colza farelo 91,2 40 5,2 - - 0,65 1,34 Colza grão 93,3 23,6 43,7 - - 0,24 0,81 Farinha de ostras 95,7 33,7 - - - 36,2 5,3 Feijão moído 89,6 24,2 1,5 3,2 80,8 0,54 0,43 Girassol farelo 90,2 31,4 1,9 2,9 71,1 0,3 0,9 Linhaça integral 90 21 34 - - 0,25 0,5 Linhaça torta - 32 3,5 - 75 0,4 0,8 Linhaça farelo 92 34 1,0 - - 0,6 0,6 Mamona farelo 89,6 38 2,7 2,95 70,9 0,7 0,77 Mamona farelo detoxificado 89,2 38,1 1,5 2,9 69,3 1,46 0,65 Mamona torta 89,2 31,8 7,0 3,3 81,6 0,72 0,84 Mamona torta detoxificada 86,3 34 5,5 3,0 73,9 2,14 0,8 Milho glúten 60 90,6 60 2,8 3,8 83,9 0,05 0,44 Milho glúten farelo 21 88,8 21 2,8 3,0 76,7 0,16 0,7 Nabo forrageiro torta 91,9 37,3 18,1 3,7 91,2 0,36 1,71 Milho (DDGS) 91,2 31,8 8,2 - 89 0,05 0,86 Resíduo de cervejaria 22,3 25,6 6,3 3,6 92,2 0,33 0,78 Milho – (DDG) 87,5 23,6 12,7 3,4 86,2 0,05 0,32 Milho (WDG) 31,8 32 6,7 - 93 0,05 0,35 Soja farelo 87 45 2,0 3,4 73 0,3 0,61 Soja farelo extrusado 96,7 41 10,6 3,7 89,7 0,07 0,57 Soja grão 92,8 37 18,8 4,1 87 0,25 0,58 Soja grão tostado 91,7 39,1 21 3,9 94,2 0,25 0,49 Ureia 97,9 280 - - - - - Coprodutos e/ou subprodutos Arroz palha 89 4,4 - - - - - Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Abacaxi desidratado 87,1 8,8 1,5 2,1 58,8 0,41 0,18 Acerola subproduto 84,2 11,7 2,4 1,85 51,2 0,41 0,18 Aveia palha 88,8 4,6 2,3 - - - - Batata doce folha - 26,8 - - - - - Batata doce rama 17,4 11,5 2,3 2,4 66,8 1,44 0,32 Cana-de-açúcar bagaço 91 2,0 0,69 1,7 46,6 0,21 0,07 Café casca 84,8 10,1 1,6 1,8 49,7 0,33 0,13 Capim elefante colmo 22 5,8 - 2,0 55,9 - - Caju subproduto suco 88,7 13,9 3,1 - 47,2 0,43 0,1 Maça bagaço 9,9 9,8 - - - - - Mandioca casca 88,6 4,5 1,15 2,7 74,5 0,48 0,06 Maracujá subproduto 85,8 11,9 2,4 1,85 50,8 0,53 0,13 Trigo palha 90 3,9 - - - - - Uva bagaço 35,2 15,9 - - - - - Forragens secas Alfafa feno 85,8 18,7 2,0 2,1 66,4 1,17 0,33 Alfafa feno peletizado 90 25 - - - - - Aveia feno 90 10 2,3 2,0 54 0,4 0,27 Aveia preta feno 87,7 9,9 1,75 - - - - Azevém feno 93 13,5 1,4 - - - - Brachiaria B. feno 88 4,2 1,2 1,9 54 0,33 0,11 Brachiaria D. feno 89 7 1,35 1,9 54,5 0,27 0,14 Cevada feno 90 9 2,1 2,1 57 0,3 0,28 Coast-cross feno 87 10,5 1,75 1,9 53 0,27 0,38 Capim elefante feno 87,3 6 1,8 1,8 52 0,24 0,18 Capim tifton 85 feno 88 9,9 1,45 2,2 57,7 0,33 0,27 Jureminha feno 88 15,9 2,0 1,9 51,7 - - Maniçoba feno 86 12 4,2 2,1 56,2 - - Trevo feno 89 16 2,2 2,1 57 1,73 0,24 Trigo feno 90 9 2,0 2,1 57 0,21 0,22 Triticale feno 90 10 - 2,0 56 0,3 0,26 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Silagens (pré-secado) Alfafa silagem 30 18 3,0 2,0 55 1,4 0,29 Arroz silagem planta 37 8,5 - - - - - Aveia preta silagem 23,4 11 2,9 - - - - Aveia silagem 35 12 3,2 2,2 60 0,34 0,3 Azevém silagem 22,4 10,6 1,9 - - - - Cana-de-açúcar silagem 25,7 3,5 1,7 1,9 54,8 0,3 0,05 Cana silagem 0-0,5% CAO 28,9 2,8 1,1 2,2 62 - - Cana silagem 0,5% ureia 28,6 10 - - - - - Cana silagem 1% ureia 31 15 - - - - - Cana silagem 1,5% ureia 29 18 - - - - - Capim elefante silagem 27,5 5,5 2,2 1,7 50 0,31 0,2 Capim mombaça silagem 24,4 7,4 1,7 1,7 49,4 0,44 0,12 Cevada silagem 30 18 3,0 2,0 55 1,4 0,29 Estilosantes silagem 29,3 11,8 1,8 1,8 49 - - Girassol silagem 24,7 9,6 12,4 2,0 56,1 1,02 0,24 Milho silagem 31,1 7,2 2,9 2,3 63,8 0,28 0,19 Milheto silagem 19 15 3,8 2,3 62,7 - - Milho silagem sem espiga 21,3 6,4 1,4 1,9 53,6 - - Soja silagem 25,8 17,8 9,5 2,3 60 - - Sorgo silagem 32 9 2,7 2,1 59 0,48 0,21 Sorgo forrageiro silagem 28,1 6,3 3,4 2,3 63,9 0,14 0,14 Sorgo silagem com tanino 27,6 7,1 2,1 2,2 61,7 - - Sorgo silagem sem tanino 28 7,4 2,2 2,2 61 - - Triticale silagem 26,3 14 1,4 2,1 58 0,66 0,4 Trigo silagem 33 12 3,2 2,1 59 0,4 0,28 Forragens verdes Amendoim forrageiro 22,8 18,4 1,9 2,1 54,5 2,1 0,22 Cana-de-açúcar 28,9 2,8 1,5 2,3 64,5 0,24 0,08 Capim braquiária brizantha 34 6,9 2,0 1,8 52 0,31 0,11 Capim bb (46-60 dias) 20,8 9,5 4,0 2,0 55,7 0,71 0,47 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Capim bb (61-90 dias) 24,9 6,5 4,0 2,1 58 0,46 0,38 Capim bb (91-120 dias) 27,7 4,8 1,2 1,9 54 0,58 0,17 Capim braquiária marandu 33,2 7,7 2,0 1,8 51,5 0,28 0,09 Capim bm (61-90 dias) 37,8 5,5 1,8 1,8 53 0,08 0,05 Capim braq. marandu outono 31 11,8 1,4 2,0 55 - - Capim bm primavera 27 11,3 2,0 2,1 58,7 - - Capim bm verão 29 12,3 1,8 2,0 54 - - Capim bb MG4 23 9,2 1,9 1,9 52,6 - - Capim bb MG4 (61-90 dias) 29 6,4 1,5 1,9 53 - - Capim bb piatã (61-90 dias) 34 4,7 1,7 1,9 55,8 - - Capim bb xaraés 23 9,3 1,5 2,0 56 0,6 0,09 Capim braquiária decumbens 28,5 6,7 1,8 1,8 51,5 0,4 0,1 Capim bd (61-90 dias) 27,8 7,2 2,1 1,7 49,3 0,3 0,19 Capim bb (91-120 dias) 30 5,7 2,1 1,9 55,2 0,3 0,2 Capim bd (121-150 dias) 43,7 5,1 2,1 2,0 56,7 0,72 0,28 Capim braquiária humidícola 28 7,4 2,5 1,9 54,8 0,38 0,12 Capim buffel (61-90 dias) 34,6 7,8 1,8 1,8 52,3 - - Capim coast cross 32,6 12,2 2,5 - 65,4 0,46 0,16 Capim colonião outono 29,4 14,7 1,3 - - - - Capim colonião primavera 23,4 14,6 1,6 - - - - Capim colonião verão 26,7 16,5 2,6 - - - - Capim elefante 21,7 7 2,3 1,7 50 0,36 0,23 Capim gordura 28 6,9 1,3 2,1 58 0,24 0,07 Capim massai (61-90 dias) 29,5 8 2,1 1,8 51,6 - - Capim mombaça 27 11 1,7 1,9 53 0,74 0,19 Capim mombaça (61-90 dias) 26,8 8,3 1,4 1,8 52 - 0,11 Capim setária (61-90 dias) 21,7 9 1,4 1,9 53,7 - - Capim sudão 19 12,9 2,9 2,0 55 - - Capim tanzânia 23,4 9,5 2,4 1,8 51 0,59 0,14 Capim tanzânia (61-90 dias) 31 5,6 1,7 1,8 53 - - Capim tifton 68 23 13,4 2,9 - - - 0,08 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Capim tifton 85 27 12,9 2,0 1,4 39,5 0,54 0,5 Cunhã 29 16,6 5,1 2,6 69,5 - 0,18 Gliricídia 22 17 5,4 2,2 59 - - Leucena 32 21,2 3,9 2,7 69 0,86 0,18 Maniçoba 24,8 19,4 7,1 2,5 65,3 - 0,18 Milheto 20 12,2 3,1 2,2 60 0,72 0,26 Mororó 47,4 11,3 3,8 2,3 62 - - Palma miúda 11,3 4,1 2,6 2,3 64,2 3,84 0,22 Sabiá 43,6 12 4,3 2,3 62,2 - - Sorgo forrageiro 24 6,9 3,0 1,8 51,6 0,13 0,13 Forragens verdes e cultivadas Alfafa 25 22 2,7 - 65 1,64 0,23 Aveia branca 90 15 - - - - - Aveia preta 21 8 1,6 2,2 61,5 0,31 0,25 Aveia + Azevém (cultivada) 19 19 4,8 - - - - Azevém 15 15 3,6 - 68 0,43 0,28 Azevém pré-florescimento 17,5 15 1,7 2,4 66,6 0,42 0,3 Azevém início floresc. 22,4 12 1,5 2,3 63 0,45 0,27 Cana-de-açúcar caule 26 2,9 3,2 - - - - Cana-de-açúcar caule+folhas 24 7 3,0 2,3 63,5 0,23 0,21 Centeio 25 13 1,5 2,2 60 0,26 0,29 Cornichão 21 18 2,0 2,3 63 0,92 0,27 Festuca 24 8,5 1,8 2,3 64 0,32 0,3 Trevo branco 16 19 2,1 2,4 64 1,1 0,37 Amendoim branco 36,6 16,8 2,4 2,4 67 1,23 0,18 Braquiarão - 9 1,7 2,3 57 0,3 0,17 Capim colonião (20-60 dias) - 11-5 - - 61-47 0,45¹ 0,24² Capim pangola 35 7,5 - - 55 - - Guandu (40->90 dias) - 21-13 - - - - - Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Fontes alternativas (Nordeste) Coroa de frade 11 8 3,5 2,5 - 2,06 0,17 Facheiro 10,5 7,5 2,4 2,5 - 5,03 0,12 Mandacaru 14,5 3,5 1,8 2,5 - 3,06 0,07 Palma gigante 12 5 1,9 2,5 - 2,35 0,13 Xique-xique 13 6 1,3 1,7 48,3 3,12 0,07 Cana-de-açúcar caldo 23 0,3 - 2,0 - 0,01 0,02 Cana-de-açúcar levedura 89 35 1,9 2,0 - 0,48 0,73 Coco farelo 91 24 9,0 3,0 - 0,29 0,51 Capim buffel feno 87 4,5 1,2 1,2 - 0,21 0,06 Capim tifton feno 91 8,5 1,6 1,75 53 0,49 0,14 Cunhã feno 90,5 18 2,7 3,0 - 0,43 0,18 Erva-sal feno 89 9 1,6 - - 0,77 0,04 Feijão bravo feno 80 11,5 3,3 3,0 51 - - Flor de seda feno 75 14 6 1,9 - 2,6 0,22 Guandu feno - 14 2,7 - - - 0,11 Leucena feno 91 21 3,2 2,8 55 1,18 0,29 Mata-pasto feno 89 9,5 - - - 1,75 0,12 Sorgo forrageiro feno 90,8 4,2 - 2,0 - 0,4 0,22 Canafístula 40,8 12,9 4,6 2,0 54 - - Capim elefante roxo 20 8,5 3,5 - - 0,42 0,41 Géria 88 16 1,0 - - 1,17 0,21 Feijão dos arrozais 24 17 5,0 2,7 69 2,6 0,04 Glicirídia casca - 13 0,9 - - 2,06 0,18 Glicirídia caule - 5,6 0,4 - - 0,44 0,07 Glicirídia folha - 22,7 2,0 - - 2,44 0,18 Guandu parte aérea 35 19 5,0 - - 0,89 0,12 Jurema preta 35 12 9,0 - - 0,67 0,25 Leucena caule 49,4 7,5 2,1 - - 0,56 0,69 Leucena folha 35,5 24 2,2 - - 2,18 0,2 Mandioca folha 45 22 5,5 2,5 - 0,91 0,23 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Siratro 25 16 2,7 - - 1,02 0,16 Umbuzeiro folha 15 15 8,6 - - 1,29 0,22 Mandioca parte aérea silagem 12,3 18 3,6 2,0 53 1,21 0,14 Caju castanha 97,5 21,9 40,1 5,5 128,9 - - Caju castanha farelo amêndoa 95 23,5 47 3,5 - 0,6 0,25 Caju farelo pseudofruto 89,5 14,8 6,0 - 75 0,06 0,04 Coco amêndoa farelo 96 25 21,7 2,7 - 0,31 0,26 Goiaba subproduto 55 8 4,7 - 35,7 0,15 0,36 Mandioca bagaço 87,6 2 0,6 - 65 0,14 1,8 Maracujá subproduto 92 11 0,7 1,8 52 0,42 0,22 Melão subproduto 92 14 2,1 0,95 37 0,56 0,8 Milho palha 92,3 5,1 0,4 2,5 54 0,15 0,13 Fontes de minerais Calcário 100% MS – 38% Ca e 1% Mg Calcário calcítico 100% MS – 33,6% Ca Calcário dolomítico 92% MS – 20,3% Ca e 9,6% Mg Cloreto de potássio 100% MS – 39,6% K Flor de enxofre 100% MS – 96% S Fosfato bicálcico 100% MS – 23% Ca – 18% P – 1% Mg – 0,08% K e 0,13% Na Fosfato tricálcico 99,6% MS – 40,2% Ca e 16% P Iodato de potássio 100% MS – 59,3% I Óxido de magnésio 98% MS – 0,58% Ca – 53,8% Mg e 0,03% Na Sal comum 99% MS – 39,5% Na – 2,7% Mn e 9,9% Zn – 1,3% Cu Selenito de sódio 100% MS – 45,6% Se Sulfato de cobalto 100% MS – 20% Co Sulfato de cobre 100% MS – 25,4% Cu Sulfato de manganês 100% MS – 32,5% Mn Sulfato de zinco 100% MS – 35% Zn Fontes proteicas de origem animal³ Proibidos na alimentação de ruminantes dada a IN MAPA – 8/2004 Art. 1º Fonte: DA SILVA, 2021. -/- FORMULAÇÃO DE RAÇÃO PARA OVINOS -/- A formulação de dietas para ovinos e caprinos de corte é análoga ao esquema de formulação para a espécie caprina e demais ruminantes. Sempre é necessário categorizar os animais para determinar situações como peso vivo do animal, estado fisiológico, isto é, se está produzindo ou não, idade etc.; posteriormente, faz-se necessário a busca pelas exigências nutricionais dos animais mediante a literatura, seja através das publicações do NRC, AFRC ou CSIRO; encontrada as exigências dos ovinos é necessário a avaliação de quais são os ingredientes disponíveis para a formulação da dieta e sua composição nutricional para ser utilizado de métodos matemáticos ou programações de computador para balancear as quantidades de cada um para que possam suprir a exigência do animal. Aqui, apresentarei situações de formulação práticas, que o profissional poderá se deparar no cotidiano profissional, dos quais os animais serão alimentados com o uso do creep-feeding e flushing; e animais em mantença, confinados para o ganho de peso, sob pastejo, gestantes e, por fim, em lactação com uma ou duas crias ao pé. Para a determinação das exigências dos animais utilizarei os valores aqui descritos que foram compilados do NRC, 2007 e descritos nas tabelas do capítulo 1. Para os alimentos serão usados os valores aqui presentes e compilados de diversos autores e descritos na tabela 28 do capítulo 2. A abordagem matemática utilizada para formular as dietas serão explicadas pelos métodos de formulação do quadrado de Pearson simples, que balanceia apenas um nutriente, ou duplo, que balanceia mais de um nutriente; pelo método algébrico com duas equações e dois ingredientes, ou três equações e três ou mais ingredientes, do qual esse método é capaz de sempre balancear dois ou três nutrientes, sendo os usados a PB e NDT. Os cálculos serão explicados de forma didática visando a facilidade para todos. EXEMPLO 1: formular uma ração para cordeiros com 12 dias de idade que exigem 20% de PB e 75% de NDT utilizando farelo de trigo, MDPS e farelo de soja. Deixar 1% para suplemento mineral e sal. Como 1% deve ser reservado para a inclusão de sal mineral e sal, a ração a ser formulada deve ser de 99%. 1º passo: composição dos alimentos: Ingredientes MS % PB % NDT % Farelo de trigo 89 16 75 MDPS 90 9 85 Farelo de soja 90 45 80 -/- 2º passo: montar o sistema de equações com 3 incógnitas onde x será farelo de trigo, y MDPS e z farelo de soja: Equação MS: x + y + z = 99 Equação PB: 0,16x + 0,09y + 0,45z = 20 Equação NDT: 0,75x + 0,85y + 0,80z = 75 Sendo: x farelo de trigo; y milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo; z farelo de soja; 0,16 a % de PB do farelo de trigo; 0,09 a % de PB do MDPS; 0,45 a % de PB do farelo de soja; 0,75 a % de NDT do FT; 0,85 a % de NDT do MDPS; 0,80 a % de NDT do FS. Sempre, para a resolução de um sistema de 3 equações, devemos juntar as equações 1 e 2, nesse caso as equações MS e PB, multiplicar os termos da equação 1 (MS) pelo termo da primeira incógnita da equação 2 (PB), que nesse caso é o de x e multiplicar todos os termos da equação PB por -1 para obter a equação 4. Do mesmo modo, posteriormente pegamos as equações MS e NDT que serão multiplicadas do mesmo método e os resultados serão adicionados para a determinação da equação 5. Vamos resolver para elucidar melhor: 1º - determinação da equação 4 através de MS e PB: Equação MS: x + y + z = 99 (x por 0,16) Equação PB: 0,16x + 0,09y + 0,45z = 20 (x por -1) 0,16x + 0,16y + 0,16z = 15,84 -0,16x - 0,09y - 0,45z = -20 0,07y – 0,29z = -4,16 (equação 4) 2º - determinação da equação 5 através de MS e NDT: Equação MS: x + y + z = 99 (x por 0,75) Equação PB: 0,75x + 0,85y + 0,80z = 75 (x por -1) 0,75x + 0,75y + 0,75z = 74,25 -0,75x - 0,85y - 0,80z = -75 -0,10y – 0,05z = -0,75 (equação 5) 3º - determinação de z através das equações 4 e 5: Equação 4: 0,07y – 0,29z = -4,16 (x por -0,10) Equação 5: -0,10y – 0,05z = -0,75 (x por 0,07) -0,007y + 0,029z = 0,416 -0,007y - 0,0035z = -0,0525 0,0255z = 0,3635 z = 14,25 4º - substituindo o valor de z (14,25) na equação 4 vamos determinar y: 0,07y – (0,29 x 14,25) = -4,16 0,07y – 4,1325 = -4,16 0,07y = -4,16 + 4,1325 0,07y = -0,0275 x -1 (para o resultado ser positivo) y = 0,39 5º - usando a equação MS para determinar x: MS = x + y + z = 99 x = 99 – y – z x = 99 – 0,39 – 14,25 x = 84,36 3º passo: resolvendo o sistema em 3 passos com, as equações MS e PB para determinar a equação 4, com a MS e NDT para determinar a equação 5 e com as 4 e 5 para determinar z, encontramos z = 14,25; y = 0,39 e x = 84,36. 4º passo: verificar a ração: Os valores encontrados no sistema de equação refletem a quantidade de MS dos ingredientes. Para calcular o valor dos ingredientes com base na matéria natural, fazemos a divisão da quantidade de MS pela porcentagem de MS do ingrediente, desta forma: - matéria natural dos ingredientes, tal qual será misturada à ração: Farelo de trigo: 84,36/0,89 = 94,8 kg MDPS: 0,39/0,9 = 0,43 kg Farelo de soja: 14,25/0,9 = 15,83 kg Suplemento mineral e sal: 1/1 (como exemplo um suplemento com 100% de MS) = 1 kg - calcular a % dos ingredientes: a soma com base na matéria natural é 112,06, então: Farelo de trigo: 94,8/112,06 x 100 = 84,6% MDPS: 0,43/112,06 x 100 = 0,4% Farelo de soja: 15,83/112,06 x 100 = 14,1% Suplemento e sal: 1/112,06 x 100 = 0,9% - verificar a proteína bruta dos ingredientes: Farelo de trigo: 100 kg ---------- 16% PB 84,36 kg ---------- x% PB x = 84,36 x 16/100 x = 13,5% MDPS: do mesmo modo, teremos: 0,39 x 9/100 = 0,1% Farelo de soja: teremos: 14,25 x 45/100 = 6,4% A soma das proteínas é 20%, a exigência foi suprida. - verificar o NDT dos ingredientes: Farelo de trigo: 100 kg ---------- 75% NDT 84,36 kg ---------- x% NDT x = 84,36 x 75/100 x = 63,27% MDPS: 0,39 x 85/100 = 0,33% Farelo de soja: 14,25 x 80/100 = 11,4% A soma do NDT é 75%, a exigência foi suprida. Verificando os resultados no quadro: Ingrediente MS kg MN kg % final PB % NDT % Farelo de trigo 84,36 94,8 84,6 13,5 63,27 MDPS 0,39 0,43 0,4 0,1 0,33 Farelo de soja 14,25 15,83 14,1 6,4 11,4 Suplemento e sal 1 1 0,9 - - TOTAL 100 112,06 100 20 75 Exigência 100 - 100 20 75 DÉFICE - - - - - -/- O fornecimento da ração deverá ser à vontade. -/- EXEMPLO 2: formular dieta para ovinos da raça Dorper em mantença com média de 70 kg PV. Os alimentos disponíveis na propriedade são cana-de-açúcar com 1% de ureia, raspa de mandioca e farelo de girassol. O animal em mantença ganha cerca de 10 g/dia de PV. Deixar ER de 1,5% para suplemento mineral e sal. 1º passo: exigências nutricionais do animal: Exigência CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g TOTAL 1100 110 660 4 3 TOTAL % 100 10 60 0,36 0,27 -/- 2º passo: composição dos alimentos disponíveis: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Cana e ureia 30 11 58 0,21 0,06 Raspa de mandioca 88 3 74 0,15 0,8 Farelo de girassol 90 45 65 0,6 0,9 Calcário 100 - - 38 - Fosfato bicálcico 100 - - 23 18 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de resolução com 3 equações e 3 incógnitas para determinar as quantidades de x raspa, y cana com ureia e z farelo de girassol: Equação MS: x + y + z = 98,5 Equação PB: 0,03x + 0,11y + 0,45z = 10 Equação NDT: 0,74x + 0,58y + 0,65z = 60 4º passo: da resolução, análoga ao exemplo 1, encontramos 17,2% de raspa de mandioca, 79,7% de cana com ureia e 1,6% de farelo de girassol. 5º passo: 98,5% de um CMS de 1100 g equivale a 1083,5 g, logo, calculamos a quantidade dos ingredientes para esse consumo: Raspa: 1100 x 17,2% = 189,2 g MS Cana com ureia: 1100 x 79,7% = 876,7 g MS Farelo de girassol: 1100 x 1,6% = 17,6 g MS A soma das quantidades é 1083,5 g MS que corresponde a 98,5% de 1100 g. 6º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Raspa 189,2 5,7 140 0,3 1,5 Cana 876,7 96,4 508,5 1,8 0,5 Farelo 17,6 7,9 11,5 0,1 0,2 ER - - - - - TOTAL 1083,5 110 660 2,2 2,2 Exigência 1100 110 660 4 3 DÉFICE 16,5 - - 1,8 0,8 -/- 7º passo: a proteína e a energia foram balanceadas, agora vamos ao ajuste mineral com a adição de fosfato bicálcico (18% de P e 23% Ca) e calcário (38% Ca) para suprir o défice de Ca e P: Para P: 100 g de fosfato ---------- 18 g de P x g de fosfato ---------- 0,8 g de P (défice da ração) x = 0,8 x 100/18 = 4,5 g de fosfato bicálcico supre os 0,8 g de P Como o fosfato possui Ca, vamos ver quantos g do mineral existem em 4,5 g: 100 g de fosfato ---------- 23 g de Ca 4,5 g de fosfato ------------ x g de Ca x = 4,5 x 23/100 = 1 g de Ca Como há défice de 1,8 g de Ca na ração e o fosfato possui 1 g de Ca, o novo défice de Ca é 0,8 g, logo: Para Ca: 100 g de calcário ---------- 38 g Ca X g de calcário ---------- 0,8 g Ca x = 0,8 x 100/38 = 2,1 g de calcário supre os 0,8 g de Ca Para P: 4,5 g de fosfato possui 0,8 g de P e 1 g de Ca Para Ca: 2,1 g de calcário possui 0,8 g de Ca 8º passo: composição final da dieta: Ingrediente MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Raspa 189,2 215 6,8 5,7 140 0,3 1,5 Cana 876,7 2923 92,3 96,4 508,5 1,8 0,5 Farelo 17,6 19,6 0,6 7,9 11,5 0,1 0,2 Fosfato 4,5 4,5 0,2 - - 1,0 0,8 Calcário 2,1 2,1 0,1 - - 0,8 - TOTAL 1090,1 3164,1 100 110 660 4 3 Exigência 1100 - 100 110 660 4 3 DÉFICE 9,9 - - - - - - -/- Por fim, para um ovino Dorper de 70 de kg PV em mantença são necessários o fornecimento de 3 kg de cana-de-açúcar com 1% ureia para a ração volumosa e uma mistura concentrada composta por 220 g de raspa de mandioca, 20 g de farelo de girassol, 5 g de fosfato bicálcico e 2,5 g de calcário para cada animal/dia. Poderá ser adicionado sal comum à ração para usar os 10 g de MS que sobram. A relação Ca:P da dieta é de 1,3:1. -/- EXEMPLO 3: formular dieta para fêmeas que encontram-se magras e estão próximas da estação de monta. A estratégia nutricional é a utilização do flushing que objetiva a administração suplementar de concentrado para maximizar a taxa de concepção. O lote possui 10 ovelhas com 50 kg de PV que estão ganhando cerca de 100 g de PV/dia. Por fim, calcule o total de alimentos necessários para as 10 ovelhas durante um período de 3 semanas, ou 20 dias. Os alimentos disponíveis para a formulação são bagaço de cana, MDPS e farelo de soja. Deixar 2% de ER para suplemento mineral e sal. 1º passo: determinação das exigências nutricionais: Exigência CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Total 1600 152 945 6 3 TOTAL % 100% 9,5% 59% 0,38% 0,19% -/- 2º passo: composição dos alimentos disponíveis: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Bagaço 90 2 47 0,21 0,06 MDPS 88 8 72 0,1 0,2 Farelo de soja 90 50 84 0,29 0,64 Calcário 100 - - 38 - Fosfato bicálcico 100 - - 23 18 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de 3 equações e 3 incógnitas onde x é bagaço, y MDPS e z farelo de soja, de modo que uma dada quantidade supra os requerimentos de 0,152 kg de PB (9,5%) e 0,945 kg de NDT (59%). Podemos solucionar de duas formas: 1ª forma: Equação MS: x + y + z = 98 Equação PB: 0,02x + 0,08y + 0,50z = 9,5 Equação NDT: 0,47x + 0,72y + 0,84z = 59 2ª forma: Equação MS: x + y + z = 1,568 Equação PB: 0,02x + 0,08y + 0,50z = 0,152 Equação NDT: 0,47x + 0,72y + 0,84z = 0,945 4º passo: dada a resolução do sistema, seguindo os mesmos passos do exemplo 1, encon-tramos x = 51,7%; y = 35% e z = 11,3%. De 98% do CMS de 1,6 kg ou 1600 g, teremos as quantidades de MS de cada ingrediente: Bagaço: 1600 x 51,7% = 827,2 g MS MDPS: 1600 x 35% = 560 g MS Farelo: 1600 x 11,3% = 180,8 g MS A soma dos ingredientes é 1568 que corresponde a 98% de 1600 g. -/- 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Bagaço 827,2 16,5 389 1,7 0,6 MDPS 560 45 404 0,6 1,1 Farelo 180,8 90,5 152 0,5 1,1 TOTAL 1568 152 945 2,8 2,8 Exigência 1600 152 945 6 3 DÉFICE 32 - - 3,2 0,2 -/- 6º passo: balanceamento de Ca e P: Para P: 1,2 g de fosfato bicálcico possui 0,2 g P e 0,3 g de Ca Para Ca: 7,7 g de calcário possui 2,9 g de Ca 7º passo: verificação e composição final da dieta: Ingrediente MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Bagaço 827,2 920 52,1 16,5 389 1,7 0,6 MDPS 560 637 36,1 45 404 0,6 1,1 Farelo 180,8 200 11,3 90,5 152 0,5 1,1 Calcário 7,7 7,7 0,4 - - 2,9 - Fosfato 1,2 1,2 0,1 - - 0,3 0,2 TOTAL 1576,9 1765,9 100 152 945 6 3 Exigência 1600 - 100 152 945 6 3 DÉFICE 23,1 - - - - - - -/- Por fim, para cada fêmea com 50 kg de PV são necessários 920 g de bagaço de cana, 640 g de MDPS, 200 g de farelo de soja, 8 g de calcário e 2 g de fosfato bicálcico diariamente. A relação Ca:P da dieta é de 2:1 e a composição é de 9,6% PB, 59,9% NDT, 0,38% Ca e 0,19% de P. Ração para o lote total de 10 fêmeas por 3 semanas ou 20 dias: 8º passo: multiplicar a quantidade de cada ingrediente pelo número de cabeças para determinar o consumo do lote em um dia: Bagaço: 920 g x 10 animais = 9,2 kg/dia, e assim com os demais MDPS: 5,6 kg/dia; farelo de soja: 1,81 kg/dia; calcário: 0,08 kg/dia e fosfato: 0,02 kg/dia 9º passo: para um período de 20 dias: Bagaço: 9,2 x 20 dias = 184 kg, e assim com os demais MDPS: 112 kg; farelo de soja: 36,2 kg; calcário: 1,6 kg e fosfato: 0,4 kg Em um período de flushing de 3 semanas, as fêmeas ganharão 2 kg de PV e serão gastos 184 kg de bagaço de cana, 112 kg de MDPS, 36,2 kg de farelo de soja, 1,6 kg de calcário e 0,24 kg de fosfato bicálcico. Considerando perdas é necessário aumentar a quantidade dos ingredientes em +10% ou +15%. -/- EXEMPLO 4: em uma propriedade no Agreste de Pernambuco, um produtor possui um lote de ovinos da raça Santa-Inês e deseja formular uma dieta para manter seus animais durante um período escasso de chuvas. Os alimentos disponíveis na propriedade são palma, capim tifton e leucena. O peso médio dos animais é de 40 kg PV. 1º passo: exigências dos animais: CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g 770 60 410 2 1,5 100% 7,8% 53,2% 0,26% 0,19% -/- 2º passo: composição dos ingredientes: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Palma 10 4 60 1,8 0,2 Tifton 27 13 40 0,54 0,5 Leucena 35 24 65 2 0,2 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de equações onde x é palma, y tifton e z leucena: Equação MS: x + y + z = 100 Equação PB: 0,04x + 0,13y + 0,24z = 7,8 Equação NDT: 0,60x + 0,40y + 0,65z = 53,2 Ou: MS: x + y + z = 0,77 PB: 0,04x + 0,13y + 0,24z = 0,06 NDT: 0,60x + 0,40y + 0,65z = 0,41 4º passo: as duas formas podem solucionar o problema, a primeira é expressa em porcentagem e a segunda na quantidade em kg do ingrediente conforme o CMS da equação MS. Logo, da resolução de ambos os sistemas encontramos os seguintes valores: 1ª forma: x = 61,6%; y = 34,9% e z = 3,5% = 100% do CMS 2ª forma: x = 474,3 g; y = 268,7 g e z = 27 g = 770 g do CMS 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Palma 474,3 19 284,8 8,5 0,9 Tifton 268,7 35 107,6 1,4 1,3 Leucena 27 6 17,6 0,5 0,05 TOTAL 770 60 410 10,4 2,25 Exigência 770 60 410 2 1,5 DÉFICE - - - +8,4 +0,75 -/- 6º passo: há uma exponencial diferença entre a quantidade de cálcio e a de fósforo, dado que os ingredientes são ricos em Ca. A relação máxima que os ruminantes suportam entre Ca:P chega a 3:1 e o balanço da ração é de 4,6:1, logo é necessário a adição de P para diminuir a diferença. Em nosso caso, utilizaremos uma fonte única de P com 24%. Para um bom balanceamento, vamos diminuir a relação para 2,6:1, para isso é necessário que haja 4 g de P na ração e há 2,25 g, então é necessário a adição de 1,75 g de P. Logo: Para P: 100 g produto ---------- 24 g P X g produto ---------- 1,75 g P x = 7,3 g de fonte de P com 24%. -/- 7º passo: composição final da dieta: Ingrediente MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Palma 474,3 4743 81,5 19 284,8 8,5 0,9 Tifton 268,7 995,2 17,1 35 107,6 1,4 1,3 Leucena 27 77,2 1,3 6 17,6 0,5 0,05 Fonte de P 7,3 7,3 0,1 - - - 1,75 TOTAL 777,3 5822,7 100 60 410 10,4 4 Exigência 770 - 100 60 410 2 1,5 DÉFICE +7,3 - - - - +8,4 +2,5 -/- Por fim, para mantença do lote de ovinos com 40 kg PV, situados no Agreste de Pernambuco, são necessários o fornecimento de 4,7 kg de palma forrageira picada, 1 kg de tifton, 80 g de leucena e 8 g de fonte de P com 24% para cada animal diariamente. O animal vai consumir 5,82 kg de ração por dia para suprir seu requerimento de 0,77 kg de MS. A relação Ca:P da dieta, após a adição da fonte de P, é aceitável ao animal, ou seja, não o prejudica já que está dentro dos limites, sendo de 2,6:1. A composição da ração é 7,7% PB, 52,7% NDT, 1,3% Ca e 0,5% de P. -/- EXEMPLO 5: formular dieta para cordeiros desmamados precocemente com crescimen-to moderado. O lote possui peso médio de 20 kg e estão ganhando cerca de 250 g de PV/dia. Os alimentos disponíveis são fubá de milho, farelo de trigo e farelo de soja. Calcule a quantidade de ração necessária para um lote de 100 cordeiros confinados para serem abatidos com 40 kg PV. Deixar 1,5% para suplemento mineral e sal. 1º passo: exigências do animal: CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g 1000 168 800 5,5 3 100% 16,8% 80% 0,55% 0,30% -/- 2º passo: composição dos ingredientes: Ingredientes MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Fubá de milho 88 9 86 0,03 0,31 Farelo de trigo 88 16 75 0,15 0,80 Farelo de soja 90 50 84 0,30 0,65 -/- 3º passo: sistema de equações onde x é milho, y farelo de trigo e z farelo de soja: Equação MS: x + y + z = 98,5 Equação PB: 0,09x + 0,16y + 0,50z = 16,8 Equação NDT: 0,86x + 0,75y + 0,84z = 80 Ou: MS: x + y + z = 0,985 PB: 0,09x + 0,16y + 0,50z = 0,168 NDT: 0,86x + 0,75y + 0,84z = 0,800 4º passo: da resolução através da segunda forma, encontramos os seguintes valores: Xmilho: 455 g MS Ytrigo: 406 g MS Zsoja: 124 g MS 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingredientes MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Milho 455 41 391,3 0,14 1,4 Farelo de trigo 406 65 304,5 0,61 3,2 Farelo de soja 124 62 104,2 0,37 0,8 TOTAL 985 168 800 1,12 5,4 Exigência 1000 168 800 5,5 3 DÉFICE -15 - - -4,38 +2,4 -/- 6º passo: ajuste mineral com calcário usando o ER de 1,5% ou 15 g de um CMS 1000 g. 100 g ---------- 38 g Ca x g ---------- 4,38 g Ca x = 12 g de calcário 7º passo: verificação e composição final da dieta: Ingredientes MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Milho 455 517,1 45,8 41 391,3 0,14 1,4 Farelo de trigo 406 461,4 40,9 65 304,5 0,61 3,2 Farelo de soja 124 137,8 12,2 62 104,2 0,37 0,8 Calcário 12 12 1,1 - - 4,5 - TOTAL 997 1128,3 100 168 800 5,62 5,4 Exigência 1000 - 100 168 800 5,5 3 DÉFICE -3 - - - - +0,12 +2,4 -/- Por fim, serão necessários diariamente o fornecimento de 1,13 kg de ração/ani-mal/dia composta por 45,8% de milho, 40,9% de farelo de trigo, 12,2% de farelo de soja e 1,1% de calcário. O CMS da ração é exatamente o exigido pelo animal e a ração possui balanço Ca:P de 1:1. Cálculo da ração para lote de 100 cordeiros para engorda de 20 kg PV com GPD 0,25 kg 8º passo: quantidade/dia: Cada animal deverá consumir uma certa quantidade, para determinar o total para 100 animais basta multiplicar a quantidade pelo número de animais, no caso 100, logo: Milho: 51,7 kg/dia; trigo: 46,14 kg/dia; soja: 13,78 kg/dia e calcário: 1,2 kg/dia 9º passo: quantidade total para tempo de confinamento: Basta multiplicar a quantidade de alimento/dia pelo número de dias da engorda. Os animais entraram em confinamento com 20 kg e ganham 0,25 kg/dia, para alcançar 40 kg serão necessários, portanto, 80 dias (20 kg PV/0,25 kg). Logo: Milho: 4,14 toneladas; trigo: 3,7 ton.; soja: 1,1 ton. e calcário: 96 kg. -/- EXEMPLO 6: formular dieta para cordeiros da raça Santa Inês que foram desmamados precocemente. O lote possui peso de 10 kg e possui alto potencial de crescimento, ou seja, ganham, em média, 250 g de PV/dia. Os alimentos disponíveis para a formulação são raspa de mandioca, milho e farelo de soja. Por fim, calcule a ração necessária para 100 cordeiros para um tempo de engorda onde os animais sairão para abate com 70 kg de PV. 1º passo: exigências nutricionais do animal: CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g 600 160 480 6 3 100% 26,7% 80% 1% 0,5% -/- 2º passo: composição dos alimentos: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Raspa de mandioca 88 3 74 0,15 0,8 Milho 89 9 86 0,03 0,31 Farelo de soja 90 45 80 0,3 0,65 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de equações onde x é raspa, y milho e z farelo de soja: Equação MS: x + y + z = 0,600 Equação PB: 0,03x + 0,09y + 0,45z = 0,160 Equação NDT: 0,74x + 0,86y + 0,80z = 0,480 4º passo: dada a resolução do sistema, encontramos os seguintes valores em MS: x = 0,140 kg MS de raspa de mandioca y = 0,140 kg MS de milho z = 0,320 kg MS de farelo de soja 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Raspa 140 4 103,6 0,21 1,1 Milho 140 12,6 120,4 0,03 0,4 Farelo 320 144 256 0,96 2,1 TOTAL 600 160,6 480 1,2 3,6 Exigência 600 160 480 6 3 DÉFICE - - - -4,8 +0,6 -/- 6º passo: balancear Ca e P adicionando calcário: 13 g de calcário possui 4,9 g de Ca 7º passo: verificação e composição final da dieta: Ingrediente MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Raspa de mandioca 140 159,1 23,2 4 103,6 0,21 1,1 Milho 140 157,3 23 12,6 120,4 0,03 0,4 Farelo de soja 320 355,6 51,9 144 256 0,96 2,1 Calcário 13 13 1,9 - - 4,9 - TOTAL 613 685 100 160,6 480 6,1 3,6 Exigência 600 - 100 160 480 6 3 DÉFICE +13 - - - - - - -/- Por fim, para cordeiros de 10 kg PV com alto potencial e GPD de 0,25 kg é necessária uma ração que contenha 160 g de raspa de mandioca, 160 g de milho moído, 360 g de farelo de soja e 15 g de calcário para cada animal diariamente. O CMS da ração ultrapassou a exigência do animal em 13 g o que é aceitável. O balanço Ca:P é de 1,7:1 que está dentro da zona de conforto. A composição da dieta é de 26,2% PB, 78,3% NDT, 1% Ca e 0,59% P. Cálculo da ração para lote de 100 cordeiros para abate com 70 kg PV 8º passo: quantidade de cada alimento diariamente: Raspa: 159,1 g x 100 animais = 15,91 kg, seguindo o mesmo esquema: milho: 15,73 kg; soja: 35,56 kg e calcário 1,3 kg. 9º passo: os animais deverão ir para abate com 70 kg, logo deverão ganhar 60 kg de PV. Com um ganho de 250 g/dia, o tempo total de engorda será de 240 dias (60 kg/0,25 kg), logo: Raspa: 15,91 x 240 = 3,82 toneladas, seguindo igual: milho: 3,78 ton.; soja: 8,54 ton. e calcário: 312 kg. -/- EXEMPLO 7: em uma propriedade no Rio Grande do Sul um ovinocultor desmamou 50 animais com 30 kg PV para confiná-los. A estimativa é que os animais ganhem 150 g de PV diariamente até que alcancem 50 kg para abate. A propriedade dispõe de silagem de capim-elefante, aveia e glúten de milho para fornecer aos animais. Formule uma dieta para esses animais para ser fornecida diariamente e a quantidade de ingredientes neces-sária para o período de engorda. DADOS, segundo QUADROS & CRUZ, as exigências são CMS: 3,35% PV, PB: 115 g; NDT: 630 g. 1º passo: composição dos ingredientes: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Silagem de capim-elefante 27 5 60 Aveia 88 11 65 Glúten de milho 90 62 85 -/- 2º passo: sabendo-se que o CMS de 3,35% de 30 kg equivale a 1 kg MS, montamos o sistema de equações onde x é silagem, y aveia e z glúten: Equação MS: x + y + z = 1 Equação PB: 0,05x + 0,11y + 0,62z = 0,115 Equação NDT: 0,60x + 0,65y + 0,85z = 0,630 3º passo: da resolução do sistema encontramos: x = 830 g MS de silagem y = 63 g MS de aveia z = 107 g MS de glúten de milho 4º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Silagem de capim-elefante 830 41,5 498 Aveia 63 7 71 Glúten de milho 107 66,5 91 TOTAL 1000 115 630 Exigência 1000 115 630 DÉFICE - - - -/- 5º passo: composição final da ração com base na matéria natural tal como vai para o misturador: Ingrediente MN g % final Silagem de capim-elefante 3074,1 94,2 Aveia 71,6 2,2 Glúten de milho 118,9 3,6 TOTAL 3264,6 100 -/- Por fim, para cada ovino/dia é necessário a administração de 3,1 kg de silagem de capim-elefante e uma mistura de 200 g de concentrado com 80 g de aveia e 120 g de glúten de milho. O CMS da ração é exatamente a exigência do animal. Neste exemplo não determinamos o conteúdo mineral da dieta, mas você pode fazê-lo de acordo com o percentual de mineral do dado ingrediente. Quantidade de alimentos/dia e por período de engorda 6º passo: quantidade de ingredientes por dia, basta multiplicar quantidade/animal x total de animais: Silagem: 153,7 kg/dia; aveia: 3,6 kg/dia e glúten: 6 kg/dia 7º passo: quantidade por período de engorda: os animais têm 30 kg PV e deverão sair para abate com 50 kg PV, logo deverão ganhar 20 kg PV. Como ganham cerca de 0,15 kg/dia o período de engorda será de 134 dias (20 kg/0,15 kg). Então: Silagem: 153,7 x 134 = 20,6 ton.; aveia: 482 kg e glúten: 804 kg -/- EXEMPLO 8: em uma propriedade na cidade de Belo Jardim, Pernambuco, 10 ovelhas estão nas primeiras semanas de lactação, todas tiveram parto de um cordeiro. O lote possui peso variado, mas o médio é de 60 kg PV e perdem cerca de 25 g/dia. Os alimentos disponíveis para a formulação da dieta são capim tifton com melaço, casca de soja e farelo de mamona detoxificado. 1º passo: determinação das exigências nutricionais: CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g 2300 320 1500 10 7 100% 13,9% 65,2% 0,43% 0,3% -/- 2º passo: composição dos ingredientes: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Casca de soja 90 12 75 0,6 0,2 Capim + melaço 35 5 25 0,32 0,12 Farelo de mamona 90 40 40 0,7 0,7 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de equações onde x é casca de soja, y é capim tifton com melaço e z é farelo de mamona: Equação MS: x + y + z = 2,3 Equação PB: 0,12x + 0,05y + 0,40z = 0,32 Equação NDT: 0,75x + 0,25y + 0,40z = 1,5 4º passo: da resolução do sistema, encontramos: x = 1,78 kg MS de casca de soja y = 0,29 kg MS de capim + melaço z = 0,23 kg MS de farelo de mamona O total é exatamente o CMS requerido de 2,3 kg MS. 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Casca de soja 1780 213,6 1335 5,7 2,1 Capim + melaço 290 14,5 73 1,8 0,6 Farelo de mamona 230 92 92 1,6 1,6 TOTAL 2300 320,1 1500 9,1 4,3 Exigência 2300 320 1500 10 7 DÉFICE - - - -0,9 -2,7 -/- 6º passo: há deficiência de Ca e P, vamos balanceá-los: Para P: 15 g de fosfat. 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This review does not comment adversely against the original writer of this work, who is a Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church. The review shows how this particular edition of the book fails as a study edition. It does not show, even in its reprint version, the sources of St. Teresa of Avila's mysticism. This edition of the book is shallow and irrelevant. Not so the actual text of St. Teresa of Avila.

Many of our most important goals require months or even years of effort to achieve, and some never get achieved at all. As social psychologists have lately emphasized, success in pursuing such goals requires the capacity for perseverance, or "grit." Philosophers have had little to say about grit, however, insofar as it differs from more familiar notions of willpower or continence. This leaves us ill-equipped to assess the social and moral implications of promoting grit. We propose that grit has an (...) important epistemic component, in that failures of perseverance are often caused by a significant loss of confidence that one will succeed if one continues to try. Correspondingly, successful exercises of grit often involve a kind of epistemic resilience in the face of failure, injury, rejection, and other setbacks that constitute genuine evidence that success is not forthcoming. Given this, we discuss whether and to what extent displays of grit can be epistemically as well as practically rational. We conclude that they can be (although many are not), and that the rationality of grit will depend partly on features of the context the agent normally finds herself in. In particular, grit-friendly norms of deliberation might be irrational to use in contexts of severe material scarcity or oppression. (shrink)

Words change meaning over time. Some meaning shift is accompanied by a corresponding change in subject matter; some meaning shift is not. In this paper I argue that an account of linguistic meaning can accommodate the first kind of case, but that a theory of concepts is required to accommodate the second. Where there is stability of subject matter through linguistic change, it is concepts that provide the stability. The stability provided by concepts allows for genuine disagreement and ameliorative change (...) in the context of conceptual engineering. (shrink)

Suppose some person 'A' sets out to accomplish a difficult, long-term goal such as writing a passable Ph.D. thesis. What should you believe about whether A will succeed? The default answer is that you should believe whatever the total accessible evidence concerning A's abilities, circumstances, capacity for self-discipline, and so forth supports. But could it be that what you should believe depends in part on the relationship you have with A? We argue that it does, in the case where A (...) is yourself. The capacity for "grit" involves a kind of epistemic resilience in the face of evidence suggesting that one might fail, and this makes it rational to respond to the relevant evidence differently when you are the agent in question. We then explore whether similar arguments extend to the case of "believing in" our significant others -- our friends, lovers, family members, colleagues, patients, and students. (shrink)

Conceptual engineering is to be explained by appeal to the externalist distinction between concepts and conceptions. If concepts are determined by non-conceptual relations to objective properties rather than by associated conceptions (whether individual or communal), then topic preservation through semantic change will be possible. The requisite level of objectivity is guaranteed by the possibility of collective error and does not depend on a stronger level of objectivity, such as mind-independence or independence from linguistic or social practice more generally. This means (...) that the requisite level of objectivity is exhibited not only by natural kinds, but also by a wide range of philosophical kinds, social kinds and artefactual kinds. The alternative externalist accounts of conceptual engineering offered by Herman Cappelen and Derek Ball fall back into a kind of descriptivism which is antithetical to externalism and fails to recognise this basic level of objectivity. (shrink)

Artificially intelligent (AI) technologies are increasingly being used in many workplaces. It is recognised that there are ethical dimensions to the ways in which organisations implement AI alongside, or substituting for, their human workforces. How will these technologically driven disruptions impact the employee–employer exchange? We provide one way to explore this question by drawing on scholarship linking Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT) to the psychological contract (PC). Using ISCT, we show that the macrosocial contract’s ethical AI norms of beneficence, non-maleficence, (...) autonomy, justice, and explicability can feed into national- and organisational-level microsocial contracts. We also outline the role of employees’ technology frames in this process. We then use an illustrative example to demonstrate how this multilevel normative background helps to inform the content of individuals’ PCs in the context of working with AI technologies. (shrink)

This is a contribution to the symposium on Herman Cappelen’s book Fixing Language. Cappelen proposes a metasemantic framework—the “Austerity Framework”—within which to understand the general phenomenon of conceptual engineering. The proposed framework is austere in the sense that it makes no reference to concepts. Conceptual engineering is then given a “worldly” construal according to which conceptual engineering is a process that operates on the world. I argue, contra Cappelen, that an adequate theory of conceptual engineering must make reference to concepts. (...) This is because concepts are required to account for topic continuity, a phenomenon which lies at the heart of projects in conceptual engineering. I argue that Cappelen’s own account of topic continuity is inadequate as a result of the austerity of his metasemantic framework, and that his worldly construal of conceptual engineering is untenable. (shrink)

I reconsider the concept of dignity in several ways in this article. My primary aim is to move dignity in a more relational direction, drawing on care ethics to do so. After analyzing the power and perils of dignity and tracing its rhetorical, academic, and historical influence, I discuss three interventions that care ethics can make into the dignity discourse. The first intervention involves an understanding of the ways in which care can be dignifying. The second intervention examines whether the (...) capacity to care should be considered a distinguishing moral power – as rationality often is – in light of which humans have dignity. In the third intervention, I cast dignity as a fundamentally relational concept and argue that relationality is constitutive not only of dignity but also of the wider enterprise of normativity. I understand relationality as the condition of connection in which all human beings stand with some other human beings. A thought experiment involving the last person on earth helps to reframe the normative significance of human relatedness. Dignity emerges as fundamentally grounded in relationality. (shrink)

Juhani Yli-Vakkuri has argued that the Twin Earth thought experiments offered in favour of semantic externalism can be replaced by a straightforward deductive argument from premisses widely accepted by both internalists and externalists alike. The deductive argument depends, however, on premisses that, on standard formulations of internalism, cannot be satisfied by a single belief simultaneously. It does not therefore, constitute a proof of externalism. The aim of this article is to explain why.

This paper explores the position that moral enhancement interventions could be medically indicated in cases where they provide a remedy for a lack of empathy, when such a deficit is considered pathological. In order to argue this claim, the question as to whether a deficit of empathy could be considered to be pathological is examined, taking into account the difficulty of defining illness and disorder generally, and especially in the case of mental health. Following this, Psychopathy and a fictionalised mental (...) disorder are explored with a view to consider moral enhancement techniques as possible treatments for both conditions. At this juncture, having asserted and defended the position that moral enhancement interventions could, under certain circumstances, be considered medically indicated, this paper then goes on to briefly explore some of the consequences of this assertion. First, it is acknowledged that this broadening of diagnostic criteria in light of new interventions could fall foul of claims of medicalisation. It is then briefly noted that considering moral enhancement technologies to be akin to therapies in certain circumstances could lead to ethical and legal consequences and questions, such as those regarding regulation, access, and even consent. (shrink)

This is a defence of the claim that names are predicates with a demonstrative element in their singular use.

In a series of recent articles, Robin Jeshion has developed a theory of singular thought which she calls ‘cognitivism’. According to Jeshion, cognitivism offers a middle path between acquaintance theories—which she takes to impose too strong a requirement on singular thought, and semantic instrumentalism—which she takes to impose too weak a requirement. In this article, I raise a series of concerns about Jeshion's theory, and suggest that the relevant data can be accommodated by a version of acquaintance theory that distinguishes (...) unsuccessful thoughts of singular form from successful singular thoughts, and in addition allows for ‘trace-based’ acquaintance. (shrink)

Traditionally, discussions of moral participation – and in particular moral agency – have focused on fully formed human actors. There has been some interest in the development of morality in humans, as well as interest in cultural differences when it comes to moral practices, commitments, and actions. However, until relatively recently, there has been little focus on the possibility that nonhuman animals have any role to play in morality, save being the objects of moral concern. Moreover, when nonhuman cases are (...) considered as evidence of moral agency or subjecthood, there has been an anthropocentric tendency to focus on those behaviors that inform our attributions of moral agency to humans. For example, some argue that the ability to evaluate the principles upon which a moral norm is grounded is required for full moral agency. Certainly, if a moral agent must understand what makes an action right or wrong, then most nonhuman animals would not qualify (and perhaps some humans too). However, if we are to understand the evolution of moral psychology and moral practice, we need to turn our attention to the foundations of full moral agency. We must first pay attention to the more broadly normative practices of other animals. Here, we begin that project by considering evidence that great apes and cetaceans participate in normative practices. (shrink)

Scientific information plays an important role in shaping policies and recommendations for behaviors that are meant to improve the overall health and well-being of the public. However, a subset of the population does not trust information from scientific authorities, and even for those that do trust it, information alone is often not enough to motivate action. Feelings of shame can be motivational, and thus some recent public policies have attempted to leverage shame to motivate the public to act in accordance (...) with science-based recommendations. We argue that because these shame policies are employed in non-communal contexts, they are both practically ineffective and morally problematic: shame is unlikely to be effective at motivating the public to behave in accordance with science-based policy, and shaming citizens is an unethical way to get them to comply. We argue that shame-based policies are likely to contribute to further distrust in scientific authority. (shrink)

The increasing workplace use of artificially intelligent (AI) technologies has implications for the experience of meaningful human work. Meaningful work refers to the perception that one’s work has worth, significance, or a higher purpose. The development and organisational deployment of AI is accelerating, but the ways in which this will support or diminish opportunities for meaningful work and the ethical implications of these changes remain under-explored. This conceptual paper is positioned at the intersection of the meaningful work and ethical AI (...) literatures and offers a detailed assessment of the ways in which the deployment of AI can enhance or diminish employees’ experiences of meaningful work. We first outline the nature of meaningful work and draw on philosophical and business ethics accounts to establish its ethical importance. We then explore the impacts of three paths of AI deployment (replacing some tasks, ‘tending the machine’, and amplifying human skills) across five dimensions constituting a holistic account of meaningful work, and finally assess the ethical implications. In doing so we help to contextualise the meaningful work literature for the era of AI, extend the ethical AI literature into the workplace, and conclude with a range of practical implications and future research directions. (shrink)

When we define something as a crime, we generally thereby criminalize the attempt to commit that crime. However, it is a vexing puzzle to specify what must be the case in order for a criminal attempt to have occurred, given that the results element of the crime fails to come about. I argue that the philosophy of action can assist the criminal law in clarifying what kinds of events are properly categorized as criminal attempts. A natural thought is that this (...) project should take the form of specifying what it is in general to attempt or try to perform an action, and then to define criminal attempts as attempts to commit crimes. Focusing on Gideon Yaffe's resourceful work in Attempts (Oxford University Press, 2010) as an example of this strategy, I argue that it results in a view that is overly inclusive: one will count as trying to commit a crime even in the far remote preparatory stages that we in fact have good reason not to criminalize. I offer an alternative proposal to distinguish between mere preparations and genuine attempts that has its basis not in trying, but doing: a criminal attempt is underway once what the agent is doing is a crime. Working out the details of this schema turns out to have important implications for action theory. A recently burgeoning view known as Naive Action Theory holds that all action can be explained by appeal to some further thing that the agent is doing, and that that the same explanatory nexus is at work even when we appeal to what the agent is intending, trying, or preparing to do -- these notions do explanatory work because they too refer to actions that are in progress, albeit in their infancy. If this is right, than the notion of 'doing' will also be too inclusive for the purposes of the criminal law. I argue that we should draw the reverse conclusion: the distinctions between pure intending, trying, preparing, and doing serve an important purpose in the criminal law, and this fact lends support to the view that they are genuine metaphysical and explanatory distinctions. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that content externalism and privileged access are compatible, but that one can, in a sense, have privileged access to the world. The supposedly absurd conclusion should be embraced.

In this paper, I argue that an adequate meta-semantic framework capable of accommodating the range of projects currently identified as projects in conceptual engineering must be sensitive to the fact that concepts (and hence projects relating to them) fall into distinct kinds. Concepts can vary, I will argue, with respect to their direction of determination, their modal range, and their temporal range. Acknowledging such variations yields a preliminary taxonomy of concepts and generates a meta-semantic framework that allows us both to (...) accommodate the full range of cases and to identify a proper subset of concepts for special ameliorative consideration. Ignoring such variations, in contrast, leads to a restricted meta-semantic framework that accommodates only a subset of the particular projects while generating implausible accounts of others. (shrink)

In this paper, I draw on a recent account of perceptual knowledge according to which knowledge is contrastive. I extend the contrastive account of perceptual knowledge to yield a contrastive account of self-knowledge. Along the way, I develop a contrastive account of the propositional attitudes (beliefs, desires, regrets and so on) and suggest that a contrastive account of the propositional attitudes implies an anti-individualist account of propositional attitude concepts (the concepts of belief, desire, regret, and so on).

The short experimental film Shifting Perspectives stems from a collaborative research project initiated in 2019 in Sydney, Australia, during the 'Choreographic Hack Lab-a week-long laboratory co-presented by Critical Path and Sydney Festival in partnership with the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (MAAS), which asked artists and academics to rethink and respond to the idea of the Anthropocene (Pini & George, 2019). The film was later developed in 2020 during a Responsive Residency at Critical Path, Sydney, awarded to anthropologist and (...) choreographer Sarah Pini in collaboration with Jestin George, biotechnologist and visual artist, and Melissa Ramos, visual artist and filmmaker. This work aims to open a multivocal interdisciplinary dialogue across screendance, performance and synthetic biology. Inspired by a recent conversation between two leaders in the field of synthetic biology (Sarah Richardson and Tom Knight) and their divergent approaches to working with microbial life (Agapakis, 2019), the film invites to consider how collaborating with microorganisms can reshape our future in a more-than-human world. (shrink)

This paper will be broken down into four sections. In §1, I try to assuage a worry that intellectual humility is not really an intellectual virtue. In §2, we will consider the two dominant accounts of intellectual humility in the philosophical literature—the low concern for status account the limitations-owing account—and I will argue that both accounts face serious worries. Then in §3, I will unpack my own view, the doxastic account of intellectual humility, as a viable alternative and potentially a (...) better starting place for thinking about this virtue. And I’ll conclude in §4 by trying to defend the doxastic account against some possible objections. (shrink)

Nudges are small changes in the presentation of options that make a predictable impact on people's decisions. Proponents of nudges often claim that they are justified as paternalistic interventions that respect autonomy: they lead people to make better choices, while still letting them choose for themselves. However, existing work on nudges ignores the possibility of “hard choices”: cases where a person prefers one option in some respects, and another in other respects, but has no all‐things‐considered preference between the two. In (...) this paper, I argue that many significant medical decisions are hard choices that provide patients with an opportunity to exercise a distinctive sort of “formative autonomy” by settling their preferences and committing themselves to weigh their values in a particular way. Since nudges risk infringing formative autonomy by depriving patients of this opportunity, their use in medical contexts should be sensitive to this risk. (shrink)

This conversational opinion article between two parties – Kate, a disability performance scholar and Sarah, an interdisciplinary artist-scholar with lived experience of disability – considers the dancing body as redeemer in the specific case of a dancer experiencing ‘chemo fog’, or Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairment (CRCI) after undergoing oncological treatments for Hodgkin Lymphoma. This work draws on Pini’s own lived experience of illness (Pini & Pini, 2019) in dialogue with Maguire-Rosier’s study of dancers with hidden impairments (Gibson & Maguire-Rosier, 2020). (...) In an exploratory account based on an interview with one another, the authors ask: when our senses and perceptions of ourselves and the world we become are obfuscated, what is the nature of the new relationship between the performing self and its absent body/mind/world? How can we shape our narrative and articulate who we are, what we are doing or where we are going, if we are moving in the ‘fog’? Our discussion reveals how Pini’s dancing body elucidates healing, while recovering an agentic perspective in her experience of alienation and frustration tied to chemo fog and related impairments. With this work we offer an original perspective on how a dancing body can resist theoretical diagnosis. (shrink)

The Promise of Friendship investigates what makes friendship possible and good for human beings. In dialogue with authors ranging from Aristotle and Montaigne to Proust, Levinas, and Derrida, Sarah Horton argues that friendship is suited to our finitude—that is, to the limits within which human beings live—and proposes a novel understanding of friendship as translation: friends translate the world for each other so that each one experiences the world not as the other does but in light of the friend's (...) always-unknowable experience. The very distance between friends that makes it impossible for them to know each other wholly also makes it possible for them to be transformed by friendship. Friendship, then, is possible and good for those who love precisely that they can never wholly know the friend. Friendship is a profound, mutual self-giving that highlights the irreplaceability of each person, fundamentally shapes the self, and is one of the greatest joys of human existence. (shrink)

In this article, we describe the notion of dialogue move intended as the minimal unit for the analysis of dialogues. We propose an approach to discourse analysis based on the pragmatic idea that the joint dialogical intentions are also co-constructed through the individual moves and the higher-order communicative intentions that the interlocutors pursue. In this view, our goal is to bring to light the pragmatic structure of a dialogue as a complex net of dialogical goals, which represent the communicative purposes (...) that the interlocutors intend to achieve through their utterances. Dialogue moves are shown to represent the necessary interpretive link between the general description of the dialogical context or type and the syntactical analysis of the sentences expressed by the individual utterances. In the concluding part of this article, we show how this method can be used and further developed for analyzing various types of real-life dialogues, outlining possible uses and lines of empirical research based thereon. (shrink)

My aim in this paper is to move toward a relational moral theory of harm through examination of a common yet underexplored form of child maltreatment: childhood psychological abuse. I draw on relational theory to consider agential, intrapersonal, and interpersonal ways in which relational harms develop and evolve both in intimate relationships and in conditions of oppression. I set forth three distinctive yet interconnected forms of relational harm that childhood psychological abuse causes: harm to the relational agency of individuals, harm (...) to the relationships individuals hold with themselves, especially with regard to how they respect, know, and trust themselves, and harm to interpersonal relationships of both a direct and indirect nature in present and future timeframes. I close by noting that while relationships can be the site of human brutality that destroys the relational self, paradoxically and promisingly, they also can be a primary means of the relational reconstitution of the self. Ultimately, relational analyses of the harms of childhood psychological abuse reveal several key elements of a relational theory of harm and demonstrate the significance of relational harms for moral philosophy. (shrink)

It can be hard to see where money fits in the world. Money seems both real and imaginary, since it has obvious causal powers, but is also, just as obviously, something humans have just made up. Recent philosophical accounts of money have declared it to be real, but for very different reasons. John Searle and Francesco Guala disagree over whether money is just whatever acts like money, or just whatever people believe to be money. In developing their accounts of institutions (...) as a part of social reality, each uses money as a paradigm institution, but they disagree on how institutions exist. Searle argues that the institution of money belongs to an ontological level separate from the physical world, held up by the collective intentions of a group, while Guala claims that money is a part of the ordinary physical world and is just whatever performs a “money-like function” in a group, regardless of what that group believes about it. Here, we argue that any purely functional account like Guala’s will be unable to capture the distinctive phenomenon of money, since monetary transactions are defined by the attitudes transactors hold toward them. Money will be obscured or misidentified if defined functionally. As we go on to show by examining recent work by Smit et al., belief in money does not require taking on all of Searle’s ontological commitments, but money and mental contents will stand or fall together. (shrink)

Augustine on select metaphysical topics: hylomorphism vs. dualism, theories of God, angels.

Concerns that people would be disinclined to voluntarily undergo moral enhancement have led to suggestions that an incentivised programme should be introduced to encourage participation. This paper argues that, while such measures do not necessarily result in coercion or undue inducement (issues with which one may typically associate the use of incentives in general), the use of incentives for this purpose may present a taboo tradeoff. This is due to empirical research suggesting that those characteristics likely to be affected by (...) moral enhancement are often perceived as fundamental to the self; therefore, any attempt to put a price on such traits would likely be deemed morally unacceptable by those who hold this view. A better approach to address the possible lack of participation may be to instead invest in alternative marketing strategies and remove incentives altogether. (shrink)

The primary aim of this essay is to investigate modalities of resistance to sexual violence. It begins from the observation that the nature of what we understand ourselves to be resisting—that is, how we define the scope, content, and causes of sexual violence—will have profound implications for how we are able to resist. I critically engage one model of resistance to sexual violence: feminist philosophical scholarship on self-defense, highlighting several shortcomings in how the feminist self-defense discourse inadvertently frames sexual violence. (...) Holding these criticisms in mind, I expand the landscape of resistance to sexual violence by considering the new possibilities that empathy might offer. The work of two contemporary women of color feminists—Roxane Gay and Tarana Burke—launches further exploration of empathy’s alternative modes of resistance. By focusing on empathy between survivors of sexual violence, we can expand our understanding of the possibilities of resistance by redistributing and broadening our attention in three main ways: from action to affect and attitude, from a spatially and temporally limited event to something more expansive, and from the individual through the interpersonal to the structural. (shrink)

Advances in immunotherapy pave the way for vaccines that target not only infections, but also unhealthy behaviors such as smoking. A nicotine vaccine that eliminates the pleasure associated with smoking could potentially be used to prevent children from adopting this addictive and dangerous behavior. This paper offers an ethical analysis of such vaccines. We argue that it would be permissible for parents to give their child a nicotine vaccine if the following conditions are met: (1) the vaccine is expected to (...) result in a net benefit to each individual vaccinated, (2) the expected harms from the side effects of the vaccine are lower than the non-voluntary harms of smoking, and (3) there are no less manipulative methods available that are as effective at preventing smoking initiation. Finally, we show how the framework developed here could be used to analyze the ethics of other chemical interventions designed to modify children’s behavior. (shrink)

Is there a sense in which we exercise direct volitional control over our beliefs? Most agree that there is not, but discussions tend to focus on control in forming a belief. The focus here is on sustaining a belief over time in the face of ‘epistemic temptation’ to abandon it. It is argued that we do have a capacity for ‘doxastic self-control’ over time that is partly volitional in nature, and that its exercise is rationally permissible.

The introduction to a special issue of Religious Studies on the theme of experimental philosophy of religion.

The psychological contract refers to the implicit and subjective beliefs regarding a reciprocal exchange agreement, predominantly examined between employees and employers. While contemporary contract research is investigating a wider range of exchanges employees may hold, such as with team members and clients, it remains silent on a rapidly emerging form of workplace relationship: employees’ increasing engagement with technically, socially, and emotionally sophisticated forms of artificially intelligent (AI) technologies. In this paper we examine social robots (also termed humanoid robots) as likely (...) future psychological contract partners for human employees, given these entities transform notions of workplace technology from being a tool to being an active partner. We first overview the increasing role of robots in the workplace, particularly through the advent of sociable AI, and synthesize the literature on human–robot interaction. We then develop an account of a human-social robot psychological contract and zoom in on the implications of this exchange for the enactment of reciprocity. Given the future focused nature of our work we utilize a thought experiment, a commonly used form of conceptual and mental model reasoning, to expand on our theorizing. We then outline potential implications of human-social robot psychological contracts and offer a range of pathways for future research. (shrink)